Autoignition temperature
The autoignition temperature (often called self-ignition temperature, spontaneous ignition temperature, minimum ignition temperature, or shortly ignition temperature, formerly also known as kindling point) of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it spontaneously ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark.[1] This temperature is required to supply the activation energy needed for combustion. The temperature at which a chemical ignites decreases as the pressure is decreased.[dubious – discuss][2]
Substances which spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere at naturally ambient temperatures are termed pyrophoric.
Autoignition temperatures of liquid chemicals are typically measured using a 500-millilitre (18 imp fl oz; 17 US fl oz) flask placed in a temperature-controlled oven in accordance with the procedure described in ASTM E659.[3]
When measured for plastics, autoignition temperature can also be measured under elevated pressure and at 100% oxygen concentration. The resulting value is used as a predictor of viability for high-oxygen service. The main testing standard for this is ASTM G72.[4]
Autoignition time equation
The time it takes for a material to reach its autoignition temperature when exposed to a heat flux is given by the following equation:[5]
where k = thermal conductivity, ρ = density, and c = specific heat capacity of the material of interest, is the initial temperature of the material (or the temperature of the bulk material).
Autoignition temperature of selected substances
Temperatures vary widely in the literature and should only be used as estimates. Factors that may cause variation include partial pressure of oxygen, altitude, humidity, and amount of time required for ignition. Generally the autoignition temperature for hydrocarbon/air mixtures decreases with increasing molecular mass and increasing chain length. The autoignition temperature is also higher for branched-chain hydrocarbons than for straight-chain hydrocarbons.[6]
| Substance | AutoignitionPage Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[D] | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Barium | 550 °C (1,022 °F) | 550±90[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[C] |
| Bismuth | 735 °C (1,355 °F) | 735±20[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[C] |
| Butane | 405 °C (761 °F) | [7] |
| Calcium | 790 °C (1,450 °F) | 790±10[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[C] |
| Carbon disulfide | 90 °C (194 °F) | [8] |
| Diesel or Jet A-1 | 210 °C (410 °F) | [9] |
| Diethyl ether | 160 °C (320 °F) | [10] |
| Ethanol | 365 °C (689 °F) | [8] |
| Gasoline (Petrol) | 247–280 °C (477–536 °F) | [8] |
| Hydrogen | 535 °C (995 °F) | |
| Iron | 1,315 °C (2,399 °F) | 1315±20[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[C] |
| Lead | 850 °C (1,560 °F) | 850±5[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[C] |
| Leather / parchment | 200–212 °C (392–414 °F) | [9][11] |
| Magnesium | 635 °C (1,175 °F) | 635±5[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[B]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[C] |
| Magnesium | 473 °C (883 °F) | [8]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[B] |
| Methane | 537 °C (999 °F) | |
| Molybdenum | 780 °C (1,440 °F) | 780±5[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[C] |
| Paper | 218–246 °C (424–475 °F) | [9][12] |
| Phosphorus (white) | 34 °C (93 °F) | [8]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[A]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[B] |
| Silane | 21 °C (70 °F) | [8] or below |
| Strontium | 1,075 °C (1,967 °F) | 1075±120[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[C] |
| Tin | 940 °C (1,720 °F) | 940±25[1]Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.[C] |
| Triethylborane | −20 °C (−4 °F) | [8] |
| Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.A On contact with an organic substance, melts otherwise. |
| Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.B There are two distinct results in the published literature. Both are separately listed in this table. |
| Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.C At 1 atm. The ignition temperature depends on the air pressure. |
| Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.D Under standard conditions for pressure. |
See also
- Fire point
- Flash point
- Gas burner (for flame temperatures, combustion heat energy values and ignition temperatures)
- Spontaneous combustion
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Laurendeau, N. M.; Glassman, I. (1971-04-01). "Ignition Temperatures of Metals in Oxygen Atmospheres". Combustion Science and Technology. 3 (2): 77–82. doi:10.1080/00102207108952274.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lin, Guanyou (29 March 2023). "Auto-Ignition Temperature: Understanding the Science behind Spontaneous Combustion". To Chemistry Journal. 10 (1): 1.
- ^ E659 – 78 (Reapproved 2000), "Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals", ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
- ^ S. Grynko, "Material Properties Explained" (2012), Template:ISBN, p. 46.
- ^ Principles of Fire Behavior. Template:ISBN. 1998.
- ^ Zabetakis, M. G. (1965), Flammability characteristics of combustible gases and vapours, U.S. Department of Mines, Bulletin 627.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Butane - Safety Properties". Wolfram|Alpha.
- ^ a b c d e f g Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fuels and Chemicals - Autoignition Temperatures, engineeringtoolbox.com
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cafe, Tony. "PHYSICAL CONSTANTS FOR INVESTIGATORS". tcforensic.com.au. TC Forensic P/L. Retrieved 11 February 2015. [dead link]
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diethyl Ether - Safety Properties". Wolfram|Alpha.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Flammability and flame retardancy of leather". leathermag.com. Leather International / Global Trade Media. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tony Cafe. "Physical Constants for Investigators". Journal of Australian Fire Investigators. (Reproduced from "Firepoint" magazine) [dead link]
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External links
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