DLX5
Template:Short description An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox Homeobox protein DLX-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the distal-less homeobox 5 gene, or DLX5 gene.[1][2] DLX5 is a member of the DLX gene family.
Function
This gene encodes a member of a homeobox transcription factor gene family similar to the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene. The encoded protein may play a role in bone development and fracture healing. Current research holds that the homeobox gene family is important in appendage development. DLX5 and DLX6 can be seen to work in conjunction and are both necessary for proper craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeleton development. Mutations in this gene, which is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with DLX6 on the long arm of chromosome 7, may be associated with split-hand/split-foot malformation.[2]
DLX5 also acts as the early BMP-responsive transcriptional activator needed for osteoblast differentiation by stimulating the up-regulation of a variety of promoters (ALPL promoter, SP7 promoter, MYC promoter).[3]
Clinical significance
Mutations in the DLX5 gene have been shown to be involved in the split hand and foot malformation syndrome (SHFM).[4] SHFM is a heterogenous limb defect in which the development of the central digital rays is hindered, leading to missing central digits and claw-like distal extremities. Other defects associated with DLX5 include sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation, ectodermal and craniofacial findings, and orofacial clefting.
In mice, the targeted disruption of DLX1, DLX2, DLX1/2, or DLX5 orthologs yields craniofacial, bone, and vestibular defects. If DLX5 is disrupted in conjunction with DLX6, bone, inner ear, and severe craniofacial defects are prevalent. Research utilizing Dlx5/6-nulls suggests that these genes have both unique and redundant functions.[5]
Role in development
DLX5 begins to express DLX5 protein in the facial and branchial arch mesenchyme, otic vesicles, and frontonasal ectoderm at around day 8.5-9. By day 12.5, DLX5 protein begins to be expressed in the brain, bones, and all remaining skeletal structures. Expression in the brain and skeleton begins to decrease by day 17.[3]
Interactions
DLX5 has been shown to interact with DLX1,[5] DLX2,[6] DLX6,[5] MSX1[6] and MSX2.[6]
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simeone A, Acampora D, Pannese M, D'Esposito M, Stornaiuolo A, Gulisano M, Mallamaci A, Kastury K, Druck T, Huebner K (Mar 1994). "Cloning and characterization of two members of the vertebrate Dlx gene family". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (6): 2250–4. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.2250S. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2250. PMC 43348. PMID 7907794.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Entrez Gene: DLX5 distal-less homeobox 5".
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Homeobox protein DLX-5".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shamseldin HE, Faden MA, Alashram W, Alkuraya FS (Jan 2012). "Identification of a novel DLX5 mutation in a family with autosomal recessive split hand and foot malformation". Journal of Medical Genetics. 49 (1): 16–20. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100556. PMID 22121204. S2CID 25692622.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robledo RF, Rajan L, Li X, Lufkin T (May 2002). "The Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are essential for craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeletal development". Genes & Development. 16 (9): 1089–101. doi:10.1101/gad.988402. PMC 186247. PMID 12000792.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, Sciavolino P, Iler N, Shen MM, Abate-Shen C (May 1997). "Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (5): 2920–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.5.2920. PMC 232144. PMID 9111364.
Further reading
Page Template:Refbegin/styles.css has no content.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bapat S, Galande S (Jul 2005). "Association by guilt: identification of DLX5 as a target for MeCP2 provides a molecular link between genomic imprinting and Rett syndrome". BioEssays. 27 (7): 676–80. doi:10.1002/bies.20266. PMID 15954098.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scherer SW, Poorkaj P, Massa H, Soder S, Allen T, Nunes M, Geshuri D, Wong E, Belloni E, Little S (Aug 1994). "Physical mapping of the split hand/split foot locus on chromosome 7 and implication in syndromic ectrodactyly". Human Molecular Genetics. 3 (8): 1345–54. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.8.1345. PMID 7987313.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, Sciavolino P, Iler N, Shen MM, Abate-Shen C (May 1997). "Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (5): 2920–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.5.2920. PMC 232144. PMID 9111364.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Newberry EP, Latifi T, Towler DA (Aug 1999). "The RRM domain of MINT, a novel Msx2 binding protein, recognizes and regulates the rat osteocalcin promoter". Biochemistry. 38 (33): 10678–90. doi:10.1021/bi990967j. PMID 10451362.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Eisenstat DD, Liu JK, Mione M, Zhong W, Yu G, Anderson SA, Ghattas I, Puelles L, Rubenstein JL (Nov 1999). "DLX-1, DLX-2, and DLX-5 expression define distinct stages of basal forebrain differentiation". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 414 (2): 217–37. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19991115)414:2<217::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 10516593. S2CID 20182781.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Masuda Y, Sasaki A, Shibuya H, Ueno N, Ikeda K, Watanabe K (Feb 2001). "Dlxin-1, a novel protein that binds Dlx5 and regulates its transcriptional function". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (7): 5331–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008590200. PMID 11084035.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yu G, Zerucha T, Ekker M, Rubenstein JL (Oct 2001). "Evidence that GRIP, a PDZ-domain protein which is expressed in the embryonic forebrain, co-activates transcription with DLX homeodomain proteins". Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research. 130 (2): 217–30. doi:10.1016/S0165-3806(01)00239-5. PMID 11675124.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sasaki A, Masuda Y, Iwai K, Ikeda K, Watanabe K (Jun 2002). "A RING finger protein Praja1 regulates Dlx5-dependent transcription through its ubiquitin ligase activity for the Dlx/Msx-interacting MAGE/Necdin family protein, Dlxin-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (25): 22541–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109728200. PMID 11959851.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Willis DM, Loewy AP, Charlton-Kachigian N, Shao JS, Ornitz DM, Towler DA (Oct 2002). "Regulation of osteocalcin gene expression by a novel Ku antigen transcription factor complex". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (40): 37280–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206482200. PMID 12145306.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Okita C, Meguro M, Hoshiya H, Haruta M, Sakamoto YK, Oshimura M (Jun 2003). "A new imprinted cluster on the human chromosome 7q21-q31, identified by human-mouse monochromosomal hybrids". Genomics. 81 (6): 556–9. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00052-1. PMID 12782124.
External links
- DLX5+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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