Barringtonia asiatica

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Illustration from Flora de Filipinas by Francisco Manuel Blanco
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Synonyms[1]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript
13 synonyms
  • Agasta asiatica (L.) Miers
  • Agasta indica Miers
  • Agasta splendida Miers
  • Barringtonia butonica J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
  • Barringtonia levequii Jard. nom. nud.
  • Barringtonia littorea Oken nom. illeg.
  • Barringtonia senequei Jard.
  • Barringtonia speciosa J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
  • Butonica speciosa (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Lam.
  • Huttum speciosum (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Britten
  • Mammea asiatica L.
  • Michelia asiatica (L.) Kuntze
  • Mitraria commersonia J.F.Gmel.

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Small tree on the waterfront in Cairns, Queensland

Barringtonia asiatica, known variously as fish poison tree, putat and beach Barringtonia among other names, is a species of plants in the brazil nut family Lecythidaceae. It is native to coastal habitats from Tanzania and Madagascar in the west to tropical Asia, northern Australia, and islands of the western Pacific Ocean. It was described by Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz in 1875 and has a conservation status of least concern. It has been used by a number of traditional cultures as a fish poison.

Description

This is a tree which will usually grow to a height of about Template:Cvt, occasionally to Template:Cvt, and a trunk diameter of up to Template:Cvt diameter. The trunk is irregularly shaped and often leaning, the bark is dark and coarse. The leaves are Template:Botanygloss, or pear-shaped, being widest at the tip and narrowest at the base. They are glossy green and somewhat waxy, and may reach up to about Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt wide. The margin is without lobes and the petiole (leaf stalk) is very short or absent.[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript[6]Template:R/superscript[7]Template:R/superscript

Flowers are produced in erect racemes at the ends of the branches, each carrying up to 20 flowers. The calyx is completely fused while the bud forms, and splits into two uneven parts when the flower opens. It remains attached even after the fruit has matured. The flowers are large, showy and fragrant, with numerous long stamens which are white at the base and pink/purple at the tip. There are four white petals and the entire flower is about Template:Cvt in diameter.[8]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript

The fruit is large and somewhat pyramid-shaped. In cross section it is more or less square; in longitudinal section it is roughly Template:Botanygloss (heart-shaped) or triangular, with the broadest part at the base attached to the petiole. They measure about Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt wide, and they contain one or (rarely) two seeds.[8]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript

Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1753 as Mammea asiatica by Carl Linnaeus, based on material collected from Java by Pehr Osbeck, a Swedish naturalist and one of Linnaeus' apostles.[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript It was transferred to the genus Barringtonia (which at the time was variously placed in either Myrtaceae, Lecythidaceae or Barringtoniaceae)[11]Template:R/superscript by the German botanist Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz in 1875.[12]Template:R/superscript A number of other botanists have collected specimens of this plant and described them under different names, all of which are now recognised as synonyms (see synonyms list).[1]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript

Etymology

The genus name was created to honour the English lawyer, antiquary and naturalist, Daines Barrington,[13]Template:R/superscript while the species epithet asiatica refers to the region where this species is found.[4]Template:R/superscript

Vernacular names

Due to its wide distribution, this species is known by many different names in different regions. In Australia it is called beach Barringtonia, mango pine, mango bark and box fruit.[8]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript In Malaya and Singapore it is called Putat laut; in Indonesia and Borneo it is known as Butun, Butun alas and other variations; in the Andaman Islands it is referred to as Kyee-bin; it is called bonnet d'évêque (bishop's hat) in New Caledonia; in the Cook Islands it is 'Utu, and may be called hutu, wutu or futu in other Polynesian cultures.[6]Template:R/superscript[14]Template:R/superscript[15]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript

Distribution and habitat

Trunks and habit

Barringtonia asiatica is native to tropical coastlines from Tanzania and Madagascar to India, Southeast Asia, Australia, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Fiji and many other islands of the western Pacific Ocean, and it has been introduced to the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago and the Windward Islands.[1]Template:R/superscript It inhabits beaches and coastal forests at altitudes up to Template:Cvt.[8]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[6]Template:R/superscript

Conservation

The International Union for Conservation of Nature has given this species a conservation rating of least concern globally,[3]Template:R/superscript however in Singapore it is locally classified as critically endangered.[6]Template:R/superscript

Ecology

The night-opening flowers of this tree are pollinated by bats and moths.[6]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript The fruit have a thick spongy layer around the seed, making them very buoyant and allowing them to be dispersed by ocean currents. In testing it has been shown that they can remain afloat for up to fifteen years, although in the ocean most will only survive for up to two years. They have been found on beaches as far away as Ireland and the Netherlands, and it was one of the first plants to colonise the island of Anak Krakatau after the massive eruption in 1883.[11]Template:R/superscript[17]Template:R/superscript

Toxicity

The plant is highly toxic to humans.[14]Template:R/superscript[18]Template:R/superscript

Uses

Many traditional cultures have used the bark and seeds as a fish poison – they are crushed or pounded to release the saponins contained within, and then placed in slow moving freshwater streams or coral lagoons. The fish are quickly killed or stunned, but the mechanism is not fully understood.[19]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript

The fruit have been used as floats for fishing nets.[4]Template:R/superscript[20]Template:R/superscript The timber is not very hardy and thus has limited use.[11]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript

The bark, leaves and fruit have been used for medical complaints such as headaches, backaches, sores, and bad dreams.[11]Template:R/superscript[14]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript[19]Template:R/superscript

Cultivation

This tree has ornamental flowers and foliage and provides good shade, and it has been widely planted in tropical parks and gardens.[6]Template:R/superscript[21]Template:R/superscript In the city of Cairns, Australia, close to 100 have planted in the streets and parks.[22]Template:R/superscript

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Barringtonia asiatica Kurz". World Flora Online. World Flora Online Consortium. 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b Template:Cite iucn
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Barringtonia asiatica (Linnaeus) Kurz". Flora of China (eFloras). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz". Flora and Fauna Web. Singapore Government. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Conn, B.; Damas, K. "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". PNG Trees Key. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  8. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Barringtonia asiatica". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species plantarum. Stockholm. pp. 512–513. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Name - Mammea asiatica L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Payens, J.P.D.W. (1967). "A monograph of the genus Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae)". Blumea. 15 (2): 160.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kurz, Wilhelm Sulpiz (1873). "Appendix B. General key to the Burmese trees". Preliminary report on the forest and other vegetation of Pegu. Kolkata: C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press. p. 52. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.25981.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Forster, Johann Reinhold; Forster, Georg (1776). Characteres generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris Australis,: collegerunt, descripserunt, delinearunt, annis (in Latina). London. p. 76. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  14. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCormack, Gerald. "Barringtonia asiatica". Cook Islands Biodiversity Database. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga. Retrieved 4 June 2025.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". Endemia.nc, Fauna and Flora of New Caledonia. 2025. Retrieved 4 June 2025.
  16. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Prance, G.T.; Kartawinata, E.K. (January 2013). "Lecythidaceae". Flora Malesiana - Series 1, Spermatophyta. 21 (1): 1–118.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Quigley, D. T. G.; Gainey, P. A.; Dinsdale, A. (2014). "First records of Barringtonia asiatica (Lecythidaceae) from UK waters and a review of north-western European records". New Journal of Botany. 4 (2): 107–109. Bibcode:2014NJBot...4..107Q. doi:10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000042.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lassak, Erich V.; McCarthy, Tara (1990). Australian Medicinal Plants. Melbourne: Mandarin. p. 168. ISBN 1-86330-061-9.
  19. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pinard, Michelle A. (2002). "Lecythidaceae". In Soepadmo, E.; Wong, K.M.; Chung, R.C.K. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak: Volume 4. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia; Forest Research Institute, Malaysia; Sarawak Forestry Department, Malaysia. p. 108. ISBN 983-2181-27-5. Retrieved 4 June 2025.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pike, G.D.; Leach, G.J. (1997). Handbook of the Vascular Plants of Ashmore and Cartier Islands. Canberra: Parks Australia. p. 114. ISBN 0-7245-2759-1.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yaplito, M.A. (2001). "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Bogor, Indonesia: PROSEA Foundation.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."TreePlotter". Cairns Regional Council's Street and Park Tree Database. Retrieved 6 June 2025.

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