Garad

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:Short description Garad (Harari: ገራድ Gärād, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Oromo: Garaada) is a term used to refer to a king, Sultan or regional administrator. It was used primarily by Muslims in the Horn of Africa that were associated with Islamic states, most notably the Adal Sultanate.[1][2]

Etymology

The origin of the term Garad is uncertain.[3] According to Enrico Cerulli, Garad originates from the era of Adal.[4] Garad denotes a headman within a "Gaar" (clan/house).[5][6]

Garad denotes a "chief" in Harari and Silt'e languages respectively.[7] Historian Abdurahman Garad states Garad is derived from the Harari term agârada "to observe well" thus closely associated with the uniquely Harari title "Malak".[8] According to Leslau, Garad is a Cushitic loanword in the Harari language. However, linguist Giorgio Banti disputes this claim, stating that Leslau's evidence is not sufficient to support it. Banti adds that there is little proof to support the terms Ethiopian Semitic origin as well.[9][10]

In the Somali language Garad roughly translates to "chief" or "wise man", as well as "wisdom".[11][12] Another word origin in the Somali language is Gar Aad, which is the concatenation of the words "justice" and "move towards", therefore the literal meaning of Garad in Somali is "one who seeks justice"[13]

History

File:Ala Oromo Garad.jpg
Garad of Ala Oromo in 1885

Several Muslim states and dominions including Hadiya Sultanate, Sultanate of Darfur, Ganz province, Harla and Somali Sultanate leaders were known as Garads.[14][15][16][17]

According to historian Alessandro Gori, both Christian and Islamic texts associate the notable sixteenth century Adal ruler Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi with the title Garad.[18][19] In the year 1550, a correspondence from the king of Abyssinia to the king of Portugal details the triumph of Adalite leader Garad Ahmed over the Portuguese commander Cristóvão da Gama:[20]

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The Captain, D. Christovao, landed from the sea, and entered my country with four hundred Franks, and many bombards and matchlocks and other arms. Numerous Moors collected against him. Our men were few, so that the day was not ours. I did not arrive in time to join the Captain, for I was far away in another country called Seoa. While D. Christovao was in Tigre, he sent me a messenger to ask me to come quickly, as it was necessary that we should both meet. The messenger reached me, he was called Ayres Dias, a servant of the Captain, called by the people of this country Marcos. When I heard the message I began to march in haste, that we might join. On the way I heard that Garad Ahmad had killed D. Christovao and many Franks, and captured all the bombards, munitions, and weapons they had; and that the Franks who escaped were scattered over the country. At this news I was so sorrowful that I wept with sadness and passion.

Within Somali clans the use of the traditional hereditary title "Garad" is most widespread among the Dhulbahante and Karanle and was also used by the Habr Awal up until the 1940s.[21][22][23] According to tradition the Somali Girhi's founding Garad "Aboker" lived five centuries ago in Harar.[24] Tradition among the Somali Geledi clan claim Aw Kalafow, a descendant of Abadir, was the first to use the title Garad.[25] Enrico Cerulli and others state that the Harari titles such as Garad were embraced by Somali chiefs.[26][27]

In the early seventeenth century Emirate of Harar, Garad was the title given to tax collectors on behalf of the state. It was bequeathed and generally transmitted to the eldest son.[28] According to Richard Caulk, Garad was a bygone Harari title that was introduced to the Oromo of Hararghe whom also began using it.[29][30] Garads were also commanders of the army called the Malassay in the Harar Emirate.[31] An eighteen century Harari chronicle states the Harar region went through major upheavals in the late 1700s which led to the destruction of several villages administrated by Garads.[32]

Between 1831 and 1833, king of Shewa Sahle Selassie appointed al-Hajj Garad of Argobba, the Aliyu Amba governor in the Ifat province of Abyssinia.[33]

Somali Garad clans

There are Somali clans suffixed with Garad, in particular subclans of the Marehan, Dhulbahante, and Karanle which include:[34][35]

Places

Notable Garads

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abubaker, Abdulmalik. Taxes, tax payers and collectors-pre and post Menelik: Harari experience (PDF). University of Alabama. p. 24.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hassan, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia (PDF). University of London. p. 177.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ben-Dror, Avishai (n.d.), Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth .., Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0-8156-5431-5
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hersi, Ali (1977). The Arab factor in Somali history the origins and the development of Arab enterprise and cultural influences in the Somali peninsula (Thesis). University of California. p. 13.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woldeselassie, Zerihun (2017). "Ethnicity, belonging and identity among the Eastern Gurage of Ethiopia". Ethnicities. 17 (3). Sage Publications, Inc: 438. doi:10.1177/1468796815588619. hdl:10037/18693. JSTOR 26413960. S2CID 143003936.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Turton, Edmund. The Pastrol tribes of Northern Kenya (PDF). University of London. p. 27.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garad, Abdurahman (1990). Harar Wirtschaftsgeschichte eines Emirats im Horn von Afrika (1825-75). P. Lang. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-631-42492-6.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Banti, Giorgio (2013). "Strata on loanwords from Arabic and other Semitic languages in Northern Somali". African Arabic: Approaches to Dialectology. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 203–204. doi:10.1515/9783110292343.185. ISBN 978-3-11-029232-9.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Leslau, Wolf (1959). "An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary". Annales d'Éthiopie. 3 (1): 290. doi:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Waller, David (1993). Rwanda : which way now?. Oxford: Oxfam. p. 68. ISBN 0-85598-217-9. OCLC 29513928.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kirk, J. W. C. (2010-10-31). A Grammar of the Somali Language: With Examples in Prose and Verse, and an Account of the Yibir and Midgan Dialects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-01326-0.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Boustead, J.E.H (1939). "The Youth & Last Days of Sultan Ali Dinar "A Fur View"". Sudan Notes and Records. 22 (1). University of Khartoum: 149–153. JSTOR 41716321.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Markakis, John (2011). Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-84701-033-9.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Huntingford, G.W.B (15 May 2017). Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646: Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-05271-5.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Levi, Vida. "Le manuscrit Vatican arabe 1792" (PDF). European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. p. 2.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gori, Alessandro. Fame (and debts) beyond the sea two mentions of imām Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm in an Indian Arabic source (PDF). University of Copenhagen. p. 484.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chekroun, Amélie. Derniers échos du jihad éthiopien (XVIe siècle) : l'apport de la biographie du fils de l'imām Aḥmad par al-Jazīrī. Centre Français des Études Ethiopiennes. p. 24.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543 (PDF). p. 116.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Felix, Rosen (1907). Eine deutsche Gesandtschaft in Abessinien (in Deutsch). VERLAG VON VEIT & COMP Leipzig. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-274-11341-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Buur, L; Kyed, K (2007). State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities?. Springer. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-230-60971-6. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
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  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hussein, Jeylan (2015). "Sociocognitive Processes in the Construction of Identity and Conflict between the Jarso and Girhi in Eastern Ethiopia". African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review. 5 (2). Indiana University Press: 107. doi:10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89. JSTOR 10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89. S2CID 154694376.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mukhtar, Mohammed (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1.
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  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ahmed, Yusuf. An Inquiry into Some Aspects of the Economy of Harar and the Records of the Household Economy of Harari Amirs (1825-1875). Addis Ababa University. p. 24.
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