Haloferax

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Haloferax (common abbreviation: Hfx.) is a genus of halobacteria in the order Haloferacaceae.[2]

Genetic exchange

Cells of H. mediterranei and cells of the related species H. volcanii can undergo a process of genetic exchange between two cells which involves cell fusion resulting in a heterodiploid cell (containing two different chromosomes in one cell).[3] Although this genetic exchange ordinarily occurs between two cells of the same species, it can also occur at a lower frequency between an H. mediterranei and an H. volcani cell. These two species have an average nucleotide sequence identity of 86.6%.[3] During this exchange process, a diploid cell is formed that contains the full genetic repertoire of both parental cells, and genetic recombination is facilitated. Subsequently, the cells separate, giving rise to recombinant cells.

Taxonomy

As of 2022, 13 species are validly published under the genus Haloferax.[1]

Proposed species

Several species and novel binomial names have been proposed, but not validly published.

  • "Haloferax antrum" Enache et al. 2006,[4] "Haloferax opilio" Enache et al. 2006, "Haloferax rutilus" Enache et al. 2006 and "Haloferax viridis" Enache et al. 2006 were isolated from Romanian salt lakes and first proposed as new species in 2006.[5] Only H. prahovense, that was proposed along them has since been validly published.
  • "Haloferax berberensis" Kharroub et al. 2005e was isolated in Algeria and proposed as new species in 2005.[6]
  • Haloferax litoreum, Haloferax marinisediminis and Haloferax marinum were first published in 2021, but are not accepted as of 2022.[7]
  • Haloferax marisrubri and Haloferax profundi were first published in 2020, but is not accepted as of 2022.[8]
  • Haloferax massilisiensis or Haloferax massiliense was first published in 2016 and again in 2018 as human associated halophilic archaeon. As of 2022, this species is not accepted.[9]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[2]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[10][11][12] 53 marker proteins based GTDB 10-RS226[13][14][15]

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Unassigned Haloferax:

  • "H. antrum" Enache et al. 2006
  • "H. berberensis" Kharroub et al. 2005e
  • "H. opilio" Enache et al. 2006
  • "H. rutilus" Enache et al. 2006
  • "H. viridis" Enache et al. 2006

Industrial biotechnology

Several Haloferax species, especially Haloferax mediterranei have gained eminence for their ability to serve as an efficient chassis for bioproduction. H. mediterranei is a well-known producer of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a sustainable and biodegradable bioplastic.[16] They have been studied for the production of several value-added products such as bioplastics, pigments and exoenzymes.[17] H. mediterranei is capable of accumulating high amounts of both homopolymer PHAs and co-polymer PHAs from a wide array of sustainable carbon substrates.[16][18] Haloferax species have also been used to produce industrially relevant exoenzymes such as laccase for bioprocessing.[19] Since they can thrive in extreme conditions of salinity, toxicity, heavy metal exposure and UV radiation, the fermentation costs are significantly lowered as the chance of contamination is reduced.[17] In hypersaline environments like the Dead Sea & Great Salt Lake, Haloferax species shoulder most of the responsibility of denitrification.[20] These strains could be leveraged for nitrogen removal systems designed to remediate saline effluents from fisheries, textile industries and food processing plants.

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.J.P. Euzéby. "Haloferax". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sayers; et al. "Haloferax". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Naor A, Lapierre P, Mevarech M, Papke RT, Gophna U (August 2012). "Low species barriers in halophilic archaea and the formation of recombinant hybrids". Curr. Biol. 22 (15): 1444–8. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.1444N. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.056. PMID 22748314.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.EBA - European Nucleotide Archive, retrieved 2022-07-14
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.NCBI Taxonomy browser (Haloferax antrum), retrieved 2022-07-14
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.NCBI Taxonomy browser (Haloferax berberensis), retrieved 2022-07-14
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature". Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature". Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature". Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The LTP". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GTDB release 10-RS226". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ar53_r226.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  16. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Parroquin-Gonzalez, Mariana; Winterburn, James (2023-09-13). "Continuous bioreactor production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in Haloferax mediterranei". Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 11 1220271. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1220271. ISSN 2296-4185.
  17. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Griffiths, Dana B.; Tiwari, Ravi P.; Murphy, Daniel V.; Scott, Colin (November 2025). "Haloferax and the Haloferacaceae: Potential role in bioindustry". Biotechnology Advances. 84 108666. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108666. ISSN 1873-1899. PMID 40744239.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wang, Ke; Zhang, Ruihong (2021-02-28). "Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by Haloferax mediterranei from Food Waste Derived Nutrients for Biodegradable Plastic Applications". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 31 (2): 338–347. doi:10.4014/jmb.2008.08057. ISSN 1738-8872. PMC 9706037. PMID 33203825.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kasirajan, Lakshmi; Adams, Zachary; Couto-Rodriguez, Ricardo L.; Gal, Daniel; Jia, Huiyong; Mondragon, Paula; Wassel, Paul C.; Yu, David; Uthandi, Sivakumar; Maupin-Furlow, Julie A. (2021). "High-level synthesis and secretion of laccase, a metalloenzyme biocatalyst, by the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii". Recombinant Protein Expression: Prokaryotic Hosts and Cell-Free Systems. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 659. pp. 297–313. doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2021.05.012. ISBN 978-0-323-90146-8. ISSN 1557-7988. PMC 8867731. PMID 34752290.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Torregrosa-Crespo, Javier; Pire, Carmen; Martínez-Espinosa, Rosa María; Bergaust, Linda (2019). "Denitrifying haloarchaea within the genus Haloferax display divergent respiratory phenotypes, with implications for their release of nitrogenous gases". Environmental Microbiology. 21 (1): 427–436. Bibcode:2019EnvMi..21..427T. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14474. ISSN 1462-2920.

Further reading

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