High-functioning autism
Template:Short description Template:Pp Template:Cs1 config Template:Infobox medical condition (new) High-functioning autism (HFA) was historically an autism classification to describe a person who exhibited no intellectual disability but otherwise showed autistic traits, such as differences in social interaction, communication, and sensory processing. The term was typically applied to verbal autistic people of at least average intelligence.[1][2] However, many in medical and autistic communities have called to stop using the term, finding it simplistic and unindicative of the difficulties some autistic people face.[3][4][5]
HFA has never been included in either the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the two major classification and diagnostic guidelines for psychiatric conditions. The DSM-5-TR subtypes autism into three levels based on support needs. Autism Level 1 has the least support needs and corresponds most closely with the "high-functioning" identifier.[6]
Characterization
The term "high-functioning autism" was used in a manner similar to Asperger syndrome, another outdated classification. The defining characteristic recognized by psychologists was a significant delay in the development of early speech and language skills, before the age of three years.[2] The term Asperger syndrome typically excluded a general language delay.[7] Other differences were noted in features of high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome in a study of 112 children in Germany.[2]
HFA is not a recognised diagnosis by the American Psychiatric Association or the World Health Organization; however, HFA was previously used in clinical settings to describe cases of autism spectrum disorder where indicators suggested an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 70 or greater.[citation needed]
Comorbidities
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". With the notable exception of intellectual disabilities, which were not part of HFA, comorbidities found in HFA populations reflected those found in autism. Between 40 and 55% of individuals with autism also have an intellectual disability.[8] Studies that looked specifically at HFA have examined anxiety,[9] bipolar disorder, Tourette syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Both HFA and OCD have abnormalities associated with serotonin.[10]
See also
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sanders JL (2009). "Qualitative or Quantitative Differences Between Asperger's Disorder and Autism? Historical Considerations". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 39 (11): 1560–1567. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0798-0. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 19548078. S2CID 26351778.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carpenter LA, Soorya L, Halpern D (2009). "Asperger's Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism". Pediatric Annals. 38 (1): 30–5. doi:10.3928/00904481-20090101-01. PMID 19213291.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Making information and the words we use accessible". NHS England. August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Price D (April 5, 2002). Unmasking Autism: Discovering the New Faces of Neurodiversity. National Geographic Books. p. 47. ISBN 9780593235232.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Coffey LT (August 13, 2021). "Autism glossary: What to say, and what not to say, when talking about autism". Today (TV show). Retrieved August 25, 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR) ed.). American Psychiatric Association (APA). March 18, 2022.
- ^ Asperger's Disorder Script error: No such module "webarchive". – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) American Psychiatric Association (2000)
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC (2007). "The Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders*". Annual Review of Public Health. 28 (1): 235–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 17367287.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reaven J (2011). "The treatment of anxiety symptoms in youth with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Developmental considerations for parents". Brain Research. 1380: 255–63. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.075. PMID 20875799. S2CID 5226904.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mazzone L, Ruta L, Reale L (2012). "Psychiatric comorbidities in asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: Diagnostic challenges". Annals of General Psychiatry. 11 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-11-16. PMC 3416662. PMID 22731684.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robison JE (2007). Look Me in the Eye: My Life with Asperger's. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-39598-6.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCreary M (2019). Ayer P (ed.). Funny, You Don't Look Autistic: A Comedian's Guide to Life on the Spectrum. Toronto: Annick Press Ltd. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-77321-257-9. LCCN 2018303582.
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