Italian conjugation
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Italian verbs have a high degree of inflection, the majority of which follows one of three common patterns of conjugation. Italian conjugation is affected by mood, person, tense, number, aspect and occasionally gender.
The three classes of verbs (patterns of conjugation) are distinguished by the endings of the infinitive form of the verb:
- 1st conjugation: -are (amare "to love", parlare "to talk, to speak");
- 2nd conjugation: -ere (crédere "to believe", ricévere "to receive", vedére "to see");
- Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are considered part of the 2nd conjugation, as they are derived from Latin Script error: No such module "Lang". but had lost their internal e after the suffix fused to the stem's vowel (a, o and u);
- 3rd conjugation: -ire (dormìre "to sleep");
Additionally, Italian has a number of verbs that do not follow predictable patterns in all conjugation classes, most markedly the present and the absolute past. Often classified together as irregular verbs, their irregularities occur to different degrees, with forms of èssere "to be", and somewhat less extremely, avére "to have", the least predictable. Others, such as andàre "to go", stare "to stay, to stand", dare "to give", fare "to do, to make", and numerous others, follow various degrees of regularity within paradigms, largely due to suppletion, historical sound change or analogical developments.[2]
The suffixes that form the infinitive are always stressed, except for Script error: No such module "Lang"., which is stressed in some verbs (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". "to see") and unstressed in others (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". "to take"). A few verbs have a contracted infinitive, but use their uncontracted stem in most conjugations. Fare comes from Latin facere, which can be seen in many of its forms. Similarly, dire ("to say") comes from dīcere, bere ("to drink") comes from bibere and porre ("to put") comes from pōnere.
Together with the traditional patterns of conjugation, new classes and patterns have been suggested, in order to include common verbs such as Script error: No such module "Lang"., which exhibit a quite different form and stress pattern.[3]
Present
The present is used for:
- events happening in the present
- habitual actions
- current states of being and conditions
- actions planned to occur in the future
| amare
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credere
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vedere
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dormire
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finire
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essere
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avere
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andare
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stare
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dare
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fare
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| io
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Script error: No such module "Lang". (Tuscan: vo)
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Script error: No such module "Lang". (Tuscan: fo)
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| tu
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| lui / lei / Lei
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| noi
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| voi
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| loro / Loro
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- Script error: No such module "Lang". "I believe"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "she sleeps"
Subject pronouns are not obligatory in Italian, and they are normally only used when they are stressed. The conjugation of the verb is normally used to show the subject.
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "I believe"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "you believe" (2nd pers. sing.)
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "he/she believes"
The pronoun tu (and corresponding verb forms) is used in the singular towards children, family members and close friends (cf. "thou"), whereas voi is used in the same manner in the plural (cf. "ye"). The pronouns Lei and Loro (though much more commonly just voi) are used towards older people, strangers and very important or respectable people. Note that lei and loro can also mean "she" and "they", respectively.
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "you are going" (formal)
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "you are going" (informal)
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "you are going" (informal)
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "you are going" (formal)
The irregular verb essere has the same form in the first person singular and third person plural.
- sono "I am"/"they are"
The forms vado and faccio are the standard Italian first person singular forms of the verbs andare and fare, but vo and fo are used in the Tuscan dialect.
The infix Script error: No such module "Lang". varies in pronunciation between Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., depending on the following vowel. Similar alternations are found in other verbs:
- leggo Script error: No such module "IPA". "I read" vs. leggi Script error: No such module "IPA". "you read"
- dico Script error: No such module "IPA". "I say" vs. dici Script error: No such module "IPA". "you say"
- etc.
Past
Present perfect (Il passato prossimo)
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (Script error: No such module "Lang". "I went to school this morning"), or change in state (Script error: No such module "Lang". "he got angry when I told him that"), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (Script error: No such module "Lang". "I used to go to school by bike every morning"), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (Script error: No such module "Lang". "he got angry every time someone told him that").
Past participles
The past participle is used to form the compound pasts (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang".). Regular verbs follow a predictable pattern, but there are many verbs with an irregular past participle.
- verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang". add Script error: No such module "Lang". to the stem: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".;
- some verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang". add Script error: No such module "Lang". to the stem: Script error: No such module "Lang".;
- verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang". add Script error: No such module "Lang". to the stem: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".;
- other verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang". are irregular, they mutate the stem and add Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". to the stem: Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". (from Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". (from Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "Lang". (from Script error: No such module "Lang".);
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- Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". both have Script error: No such module "Lang"..
Verbs with avere
All transitive verbs and most intransitive verbs form the present perfect by combining the auxiliary verb Script error: No such module "Lang". "to have" in the present tense with the past participle of the transitive verb.
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Except with an immediately preceding third person pronominal direct object, the participle always ends in Script error: No such module "Lang"..
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "the boy I saw"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "I saw him"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "I saw the boy"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "the girl I saw"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "I saw her"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "I saw the girl"
Verbs with essere
A small number of intransitive verbs, namely Script error: No such module "Lang". itself and verbs indicating motion (Script error: No such module "Lang". "to come", Script error: No such module "Lang". "to go", Script error: No such module "Lang". "to arrive", etc.) use the auxiliary verb Script error: No such module "Lang". instead of Script error: No such module "Lang".. The past participle in this agrees with gender and number of the subject.
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When using Script error: No such module "Lang"., the past participle agrees in gender and number with preceding third person direct object clitic pronouns, following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
- Script error: No such module "Lang". masculine singular
- Script error: No such module "Lang". feminine singular
- Script error: No such module "Lang". masculine plural
- Script error: No such module "Lang". feminine plural
Reflexive verbs always use Script error: No such module "Lang"., and their past participle agrees with the subject or with third person object pronouns, if these precede the verb.
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "I washed myself"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "we saw each other"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "he washed his legs"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "he washed them, his legs"
- Script error: No such module "Lang". "we talked to each other"
Imperfect (L'imperfetto)
The Imperfect fuses past tense with imperfective aspect and is used for:
- repeated or habitual actions in the past;
- ongoing actions in the past and ongoing actions in the past that are eventually interrupted;
- states of being and conditions in the past, including weather, time, age.
The difference between imperfective and perfective aspects can be illustrated clearly with the verb Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to know'. The Italian imperfect expresses being in possession of knowledge in the past, while the perfective expresses the moment of acquiring the knowledge.
Imperfective: Script error: No such module "Lang".. 'I knew the truth.' Perfective: Script error: No such module "Lang".. 'I found out the truth.'
The imperfect is, in most cases, formed by taking the stem along with the thematic vowel and adding Script error: No such module "Lang". + the ending of the 'Script error: No such module "Lang".' verbs in the present tense (with Script error: No such module "Lang". instead of Script error: No such module "Lang".). There are no irregular conjugations in the Imperfect except for Script error: No such module "Lang"., which uses the stem Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". appears only in 1st and 2nd person plurals. Verbs with contracted infinitive forms use their full stems, e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". (infinitive Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "Lang". (infinitive Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "Lang". (infinitive Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "Lang". (infinitive Script error: No such module "Lang".).
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- Script error: No such module "Lang". "they used to speak"
Absolute past (Il passato remoto)
The absolute past has a function distinct from the present perfect. It is used for events which are distant from the present and no longer directly affect it (e.g., telling a story), whereas the present perfect is used for more recent events which may have a direct impact on the present. The absolute past may at all times be replaced with the present perfect (but not vice versa). In many areas of Southern Italy, it is still used commonly in spoken language, whereas in Northern-Central Italy and Sardinia it is restricted to written language.
Like the past participle, regular verbs are very predictable, but many verbs (mainly of the second conjugation) are irregular.
- Regular verbs are formed by taking the stem and the stressed thematic vowel and adding Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., main stress, Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang".. Verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang". have Script error: No such module "Lang". in the third person singular instead of the expected Script error: No such module "Lang".:
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- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Irregular verbs, which are almost exclusively of the second conjugation, have irregular stems to which the endings Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". are added to form the first-person singular and third-person singular and plural forms, respectively, and, with the exception of Script error: No such module "Lang"., which takes the normal third conjugation endings, the second conjugation endings Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". are added to the normal stem to form the second-person singular and first- and second-person plural forms, respectively (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". use their long stems here, as usual):
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Some verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang". that follow the regular pattern (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., etc.) have an alternative form in Script error: No such module "Lang". which follows the irregular pattern:
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang". (= Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (= Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (= Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Script error: No such module "Lang". is the only verb that is completely irregular in this tense.
| Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | dare | fare | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".é or Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Past perfect (Il trapassato prossimo)
Used for activities done prior to another activity (translates to constructions such as "had eaten", "had seen").
The past perfect is formed the same as the past perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the imperfect.
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang".
In literary language, an absolute perfect exists which uses the absolute past of the auxiliaries, and which is used for activities done prior to another activity which is described with the absolutive past. This form is known as Script error: No such module "Lang"..
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang".
Future
Simple future (Il futuro semplice)
The simple future tense is used for events that will happen in the future. It is formed by adding the forms of Script error: No such module "Lang". to the infinitive (with Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". contracted to Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". respectively). Sometimes the infinitive undergoes some changes:
- it always loses its final Script error: No such module "Lang".;
- verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang". end in Script error: No such module "Lang"., not in Script error: No such module "Lang".;
- Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". however retain Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".;
- most irregular verbs lose the vowel before the last Script error: No such module "Lang". altogether (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". for Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". for Script error: No such module "Lang".). Clusters Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are simplified to Script error: No such module "Lang". (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". for Script error: No such module "Lang".);
- contracted infinitives are retained (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". for Script error: No such module "Lang".);
- Script error: No such module "Lang". has Script error: No such module "Lang"..
To these, the respective suffixes Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". are added. Historically speaking, these are derived from the present forms of the verb Script error: No such module "Lang"..
| Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| noi | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Future perfect (Il futuro anteriore)
Used for events that will have happened when or before something else happens in the future.
The future perfect is formed the same as the present perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the future.
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang".
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang".
Conditional
Present conditional (Il condizionale presente)
Used for:
- events that are dependent upon another event occurring;
- politely asking for something (like in English, "Could I please have a glass of water?").
The conditional is formed by taking the root of the future (i.e., an adapted form of the infinitive) and adding the absolutive past forms of Script error: No such module "Lang". (with Script error: No such module "Lang"., avesti, avemmo, aveste contracted to Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". resp.).
| amare | credere | dormire | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | amerei
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
crederei
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormirei
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ameresti
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
crederesti
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormiresti
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | amerebbe
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
crederebbe
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormirebbe
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ameremmo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
crederemmo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormiremmo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | amereste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
credereste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormireste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | amerebbero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
crederebbero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormirebbero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Past conditional (Il condizionale passato)
Used:
- for events that would, could or should have occurred;
- as a prospective past tense, e.g. Non sapevo quando sarei arrivato. “I didn’t know when I would arrive.”
The conditional perfect is formed the same as the present perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the conditional.
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: avrei amato
- arrivare: sarei arrivato/-a
Subjunctive
Present subjunctive (Il congiuntivo presente)
Used for subordinate clauses of the present (il presente) to express possibility, opinion, desire, or doubt.
The subjunctive is formed:
- for regular verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang"., by taking the root and adding Script error: No such module "Lang"., -ino for all the singular forms and the third plural respectively;
- for most other regular and semi-regular verbs, by taking the first person singular of the Present Indicative and replacing the final -o with -a, -ano for all the singular forms and the third plural respectively;
- for a few irregular verbs, by taking the first person plural of the Present Indicative and replacing stressed -amo with unstressed -a, -ano for all the singular forms and the third plural respectively;
- for all verbs, the first person plural is identical to the Present Indicative.
- for all verbs, the second person plural is the first person plural with -te instead of -mo.
The subjunctive is almost always preceded by the conjunctive word che (or compounds such as perché, affinché, etc.).
| amare | credere | dormire | finire | essere | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | dare | Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | che ami
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che creda
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dorma
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che finisca
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che sia
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che abbia
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che vada
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che stia
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dia
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che faccia
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ||||||||||
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ||||||||||
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | che amiamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che crediamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dormiamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che finiamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che siamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che abbiamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che andiamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che stiamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che diamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che facciamo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | che amiate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che crediate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dormiate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che finiate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che siate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che abbiate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che andiate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che stiate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che diate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che facciate
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | che amino
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che credano
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dormano
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che finiscano
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che siano
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che abbiano
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che vadano
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che stiano
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che diano
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che facciano
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Imperfect subjunctive (Il congiuntivo imperfetto)
Used for the subordinate clauses of the imperfect indicative or the conditional.
The imperfect subjunctive is formed:
- for regular verbs, by taking the Infinitive and replacing -re with -ssi, -ssi, -sse, -ssimo, Script error: No such module "Lang"., -ssero;
- for contracted verbs, by taking, instead of the Infinitive, the stem plus the thematic vowel;
- the only verbs that form this tense irregularly are Script error: No such module "Lang"., fare, Script error: No such module "Lang"., dare (these two follow the pattern of verbs in -ere rather than the one of verbs in -are).
| amare | credere | dormire | finire | essere | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | dare | Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | che amassi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che credessi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dormissi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che finissi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che fossi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che avessi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che andassi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che stessi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dessi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che facessi
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ||||||||||
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | che amasse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che credesse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dormisse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che finisse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che fosse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che avesse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che andasse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che stesse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che desse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che facesse
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | che amassimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che credessimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dormissimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che finissimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che fossimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che avessimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che andassimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che stessimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dessimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che facessimo
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | che amaste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che credeste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dormiste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che finiste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che foste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che aveste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che andaste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che steste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che deste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che faceste
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | che amassero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che credessero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dormissero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che finissero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che fossero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che avessero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che andassero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che stessero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che dessero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
che facessero
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Past subjunctive (Il congiuntivo passato)
Used for subordinate clauses of the imperfect indicative or the conditional.
The subjunctive perfect is formed the same as the present perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the subjunctive present.
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: che abbia amato
- arrivare: che sia arrivato/-a
Pluperfect subjunctive (Il congiuntivo trapassato)
The subjunctive pluperfect is formed the same as the present perfect, but with the auxiliary verb in the subjunctive imperfect.
- Script error: No such module "Lang".: che avessi amato
- arrivare: che fossi arrivato/-a
Imperative
The imperative (l'imperativo) is used for giving commands.
The second-person singular imperative is formed:
- for regular verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang"., by taking the third person singular of the present (e.g. parla)
- for other regular verbs, by taking the second person singular of the Present (e.g. prendi, parti, finisci)
- for Script error: No such module "Lang"., dare, Script error: No such module "Lang"., and stare*, by taking the second person singular of the Present, either shortened to the vowel before i or not (e.g. va’/vai for andare)
- for Script error: No such module "Lang".*, by shortening the stem to di’
- for a few irregular verbs, by taking the singular form of the Subjunctive and replacing final -a with Script error: No such module "Lang". (e.g. vogli for volere)
*For the verbs Script error: No such module "Lang"., dare, Script error: No such module "Lang"., stare the conjugation actually follows the natural ending of the conjugation, but the apostrophe is needed to distinguish them from the third personal singular of the indicative present. The same is true for Script error: No such module "Lang"., where the apostrophe is used for distinguish it from the preposition "di" (of).
The polite form of the singular is identical to the present subjunctive. Objective personal pronouns are placed before the verb, unlike other forms of the imperative which have these after the verb (e.g. Mi aiuti, per favore! "Please help me!" vs. Aiutami! "Help me!", Se ne vada via. "Please go away." vs. Vattene via! (vattene = va’ + te + ne), etc.).
The first-person plural (used for suggestion, e.g. andiamo "let's go!") is identical to the present indicative, but allows for pronominal suffixes (e.g. andiamocene "let's go away" vs. ce ne andiamo "we are going away").
The second-person plural is usually identical to the present indicative, but in a few irregular cases to the present subjunctive.
The polite plural is identical to the present subjunctive. As with the polite singular, objective personal pronouns come before the verb as opposed to after it.
| amare | credere | dormire | finire | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | dare | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Script error: No such module "Lang".) | ama!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
credi!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormi!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
finisci!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
sii!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
abbi!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
va’! or vai!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
sta’! (or stai!)
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
da’! (or dai!)
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
fa’! (or fai!)
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
di’!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| (Lei) | ami!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
creda!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dorma!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
finisca!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
sia!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
abbia!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
vada!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
stia!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dia!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
faccia!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dica!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| (noi) | amiamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
crediamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormiamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
finiamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
siamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
abbiamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
andiamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
stiamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
diamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
facciamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
diciamo!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| (Script error: No such module "Lang".) | amate!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
credete!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormite!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
finite!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
siate!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
abbiate!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
andate!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
state!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
date!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
fate!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dite!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| (Loro) | amino!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
credano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dormano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
finiscano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
siano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
abbiano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
vadano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
stiano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
diano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
facciano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
dicano!
Script error: No such module "IPA". |
- credi! "believe!"
- crediamo! "let's believe!"
Negative imperative
The second-person singular uses the infinitive instead of its usual form in the negative, while other forms remain unchanged.
| amare | credere | dormire | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Script error: No such module "Lang".) | non amare | non credere | non dormire |
| (Lei) | non ami | non creda | non dorma |
| (noi) | non amiamo | non crediamo | non dormiamo |
| (Script error: No such module "Lang".) | non amate | non credete | non dormite |
| (Loro) | non amino | non credano | non dormano |
- non credere! "don't believe!"
Nominal verb forms
Italian verbs have three additional forms, known as nominal forms, because they can be used as nouns or adjectives, rather than as verbs.
- the past participle (participio passato) has been discussed above
- the present participle (participio presente) is used as an adjective or a noun describing someone who is busy doing something. For example, parlante means "talking" or "someone who is talking":
- verbs in -are form the present participle by adding -ante to the stem
- verbs in Script error: No such module "Lang". and -ire form the present participle by adding -ente Script error: No such module "IPA". to the stem
- fare, dire, Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". use their long stems to form resp. facente, dicente, bevente, ponente
- essere has essente (though very rare)
- the gerund (gerundio) is the adverbial form of the present participle, and has a very broad use. For example: parlando can translate to "talking / while talking / by talking / because of one's talking / through talking / …":
- the gerund is identical to the present participle, but with final -te replaced by -do
- The gerund can be used in combination with the verb Script error: No such module "Lang". to create continuous expressions. These are similar to English continuous expressions (e.g. I am talking) but they are used much less extensively than in English.
- sto lavorando "I'm working"
- stavo mangiando "I was eating"
- Keep in mind that the gerund is an adverb, not an adjective, and so it does not agree in gender and number with anything. The ending is always -o:
- la ragazza sta mangiando "The girl is eating"
Like the imperative, all nominal verb forms (including the infinitive) have their objective personal pronouns suffixed rather than placed before them.
- mi parla > parlarmi; (parlatomi); (parlantemi); parlandomi; parlami!
- si pone > porsi; (postosi); (ponentesi); ponendosi; poniti!
- me lo dice > dirmelo; (dettomelo); (dicentemelo); dicendomelo; dimmelo!
- se ne va via > andarsene via; (andatosene via); (andantesene via); andandosene via; vattene via!
Irregular verbs
The following list includes some example conjugations for a number of verbs commonly classified as irregular, not sorted by type or degree of irregularity. Verbs derived from others (e.g. apprèndere, comprèndere, sorprèndere, ... from prèndere) and the ones which end in the same way (e.g. stèndere, rèndere, accèndere, ...; compare véndere, which is regular) are formed according to the same conjugation.
The list does not include Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., dare and Script error: No such module "Lang"., that have already been conjugated throughout the article.
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• pr. = present;
• p.p. = past perfect;
• p.abs. = past absolute;
• impf. = imperfect;
• fut. = future;
• pr.sub. = present subjunctive;
• impf.sub. = imperfect subjunctive;
• imp. = imperative;
• pr.pt. = present participle
- affiggere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to post (up), to stick up": pr. affiggo, affiggi, affigge, affiggiamo, affiggete, affiggono; p.p. ho affisso; impf. affiggevo; p.abs. affissi, affiggesti; fut. affiggerò; pr.sub. che affigga, che affiggiamo; impf.sub. che affiggessi; imp. affiggi!, affigga!, affiggiamo!, affiggete!; pr.pt. affiggente;
- apparire Script error: No such module "IPA".[4] "to appear": pr. appaio Script error: No such module "IPA"., appari, appare, appariamo, apparite, appaiono; p.p. sono apparso/-a; impf. apparivo; p.abs. apparvi, apparisti; fut. apparirò; pr.sub. che appaia, che appariamo; impf.sub. che apparissi; imp. appari!, appaia!, appariamo!, apparite!; pr.pt. apparente;
- aprire Script error: No such module "IPA". "to open": pr. apro, apri, apre, apriamo, aprite, aprono; p.p. ho aperto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. aprivo; p.abs. aprii/apersi Script error: No such module "IPA"., apristi; fut. aprirò; pr.sub. che apra, che apriamo; impf.sub. che aprissi; imp. apri!, apra!, apriamo!, aprite!; pr.pt. aprente;
- assumere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to assume": pr. assumo, assumi, assume, assumiamo, assumete, assumono; p.p. ho assunto; impf. assumevo; p.abs. assunsi, assumesti; fut. assumerò; pr.sub. che assuma, che assumiamo; impf.sub. che assumessi; imp. assumi!, assuma!, assumiamo!, assumete!; pr.pt. assumente;
- bere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to drink": pr. bevo Script error: No such module "IPA"., bevi, beve, beviamo, bevete, bevono; p.p. ho bevuto; impf. bevevo; p.abs. bevvi Script error: No such module "IPA"., bevesti; fut. berrò; pr.sub. che beva, che beviamo; impf.sub. che bevessi; imp. bevi!, beva!, beviamo!, bevete!; pr.pt. bevente;
- cadere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to fall (down)": pr. cado, cadi, cade, cadiamo, cadete, cadono; p.p. sono caduto/-a; impf. cadevo; p.abs. caddi, cadesti; fut. cadrò; pr.sub. che cada, che cadiamo; impf.sub. che cadessi; imp. cadi!, cada!, cadiamo!, cadete!; pr.pt. cadente;
- chiedere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to ask": pr. chiedo Script error: No such module "IPA"., chiedi, chiede, chiediamo, chiedete, chiedono; p.p. ho chiesto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. chiedevo; p.abs. chiesi Script error: No such module "IPA"., chiedesti; fut. chiederò; pr.sub. che chieda, che chiediamo; impf.sub. che chiedessi; imp. chiedi!, chieda!, chiediamo!, chiedete!; pr.pt. chiedente;
- chiudere Script error: No such module "IPA".[5] "to close": pr. chiudo, chiudi, chiude, chiudiamo, chiudete, chiudono; p.p. ho chiuso Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. chiudevo; p.abs. chiusi Script error: No such module "IPA"., chiudesti; fut. chiuderò; pr.sub. che chiuda, che chiudiamo; impf.sub. che chiudessi; imp. chiudi!, chiuda!, chiudiamo!, chiudete!; pr.pt. chiudente;
- concedere Script error: No such module "IPA".[6] "to grant, to allow": pr. concedo Script error: No such module "IPA"., concedi, concede, concediamo, concedete, concedono; p.p. ho concesso Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. concedevo; p.abs. concessi/concedei/concedetti, concedesti; fut. concederò; pr.sub. che conceda, che concediamo; impf.sub. che concedessi; imp. concedi!, conceda!, concediamo!, concedete!; pr.pt. concedente;
- condurre Script error: No such module "IPA". "to lead": pr. conduco, conduci, conduce, conduciamo, conducete, conducono; p.p. ho condotto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. conducevo; p.abs. condussi, conducesti; fut. condurrò; pr.sub. che conduca, che conduciamo; impf.sub. che conducessi; imp. conduci!, conduca!, conduciamo!, conducete!; pr.pt. conducente;
- correre Script error: No such module "IPA". "to run": pr. corro Script error: No such module "IPA"., corri, corre, corriamo, correte, corrono; p.p. sono corso/-a Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. correvo; p.abs. corsi Script error: No such module "IPA"., corresti; fut. correrò; pr.sub. che corra, che corriamo; impf.sub. che corressi; imp. corri!, corra!, corriamo!, correte!; pr.pt. corrente;
- crescere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to grow (up)": pr. cresco Script error: No such module "IPA"., cresci Script error: No such module "IPA"., cresce, cresciamo, crescete, crescono; p.p. sono cresciuto/-a; impf. crescevo; p.abs. crebbi Script error: No such module "IPA"., crescesti; fut. crescerò; pr.sub. che cresca, che cresciamo; impf.sub. che crescessi; imp. cresci!, cresca!, cresciamo!, crescete!; pr.pt. crescente;
- cuocere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to cook": pr. cuocio Script error: No such module "IPA"., cuoci, cuoce, cuociamo/cociamo, cuocete/cocete, cuociono; p.p. ho cotto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. cuocevo/cocevo; p.abs. cossi Script error: No such module "IPA"., cuocesti/cocesti; fut. cuocerò/cocerò; pr.sub. che cuocia, che cuociamo/cociamo; impf.sub. che cuocessi/cocessi; imp. cuoci!, cuocia!, cuociamo/cociamo!, cuocete/cocete!; pr.pt. cuocente/cocente;
- dire Script error: No such module "IPA". "to say": pr. dico, dici, dice, diciamo, dite, dicono; p.p. ho detto; impf. dicevo; p.abs. Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; fut. dirò; pr.sub. dica, diciamo; impf.sub. dicessi; imp. di'!, dica!, diciamo!, dite!; pr.pt. dicente;
- dirigere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to direct": pr. dirigo, dirigi, dirige, dirigiamo, dirigete, dirigono; p.p. ho diretto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. dirigevo; p.abs. diressi Script error: No such module "IPA"., dirigesti; fut. dirigerò; pr.sub. che diriga, che dirigiamo; impf.sub. che dirigessi; imp. dirigi!, diriga!, dirigiamo!, dirigete!; pr.pt. dirigente;
- discutere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to discuss": pr. discuto, discuti, discute, discutiamo, discutete, discutono; p.p. ho discusso; impf. discutevo; p.abs. discussi, discutesti; fut. discuterò; pr.sub. che discuta, che discutiamo; impf.sub. che discutessi; imp. discuti!, discuta!, discutiamo!, discutete!; pr.pt. discutente;
- dolere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to ache": pr. dolgo Script error: No such module "IPA"., duoli Script error: No such module "IPA"., duole, doliamo/dogliamo, dolete, dolgono; p.p. sono doluto/-a; impf. dolevo; p.abs. dolsi Script error: No such module "IPA"., dolesti; fut. dorrò; pr.sub. che dolga/doglia Script error: No such module "IPA"., che doliamo/dogliamo; impf.sub. che dolessi; imp. duoli!, dolga!, doliamo!, dolete!; pr.pt. dolente;
- dovere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to have to": pr. devo/debbo Script error: No such module "IPA"., devi, deve, dobbiamo, dovete, devono/debbono; p.p. ho dovuto;[7] impf. dovevo; p.abs. dovei/dovetti, dovesti; fut. dovrò; pr.sub. che debba, che dobbiamo; impf.sub. che dovessi; imp. devi!, debba!, dobbiamo!, dovete!; pr.pt. dovente;
- emergere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to emerge": pr. emergo Script error: No such module "IPA"., emergi Script error: No such module "IPA"., emerge, emergiamo, emergete, emergono; p.p. sono emerso/-a Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. emergevo; p.abs. emersi Script error: No such module "IPA"., emergesti; fut. emergerò; pr.sub. che emerga, che emergiamo; impf.sub. che emergessi; imp. emergi!, emerga!, emergiamo!, emergete!; pr.pt. emergente;
- esigere Script error: No such module "IPA".[8] "to demand": pr. esigo, esigi, esige, esigiamo, esigete, esigono; p.p. ho esatto; impf. esigevo; p.abs. esigei/esigetti, esigesti; fut. esigerò; pr.sub. che esiga, che esigiamo; impf.sub. che esigessi; imp. esigi!, esiga!, esigiamo!, esigete!; pr.pt. esigente;
- espellere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to expel": pr. espello Script error: No such module "IPA"., espelli, espelle, espelliamo, espellete, espellono; p.p. ho espulso; impf. espellevo; p.abs. espulsi, espellesti; fut. espellerò; pr.sub. che espella, che espelliamo; impf.sub. che espellessi; imp. espelli!, espella!, espelliamo!, espellete!; pr.pt. espellente;
- esprimere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to express": pr. esprimo, esprimi, esprime, esprimiamo, esprimete, esprimono; p.p. ho espresso Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. esprimevo; p.abs. espressi Script error: No such module "IPA"., esprimesti; fut. esprimerò; pr.sub. che esprima, che esprimiamo; impf.sub. che esprimessi; imp. esprimi!, esprima!, esprimiamo!, esprimete!; pr.pt. esprimente;
- evolvere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to evolve": pr. evolvo Script error: No such module "IPA"., evolvi, evolve, evolviamo, evolvete, evolvono; p.p. sono evoluto/-a; impf. evolvevo; p.abs. evolvei/evolvetti, evolvesti; fut. evolverò; pr.sub. che evolva, che evolviamo; impf.sub. che evolvessi; imp. evolvi!, evolva!, evolviamo!, evolvete!; pr.pt. evolvente;
- fondere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to melt": pr. fondo Script error: No such module "IPA"., fondi, fonde, fondiamo, fondete, fondono; p.p. ho fuso Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. fondevo; p.abs. fusi Script error: No such module "IPA"., fondesti; fut. fonderò; pr.sub. che fonda, che fondiamo; impf.sub. che fondessi; imp. fondi!, fonda!, fondiamo!, fondete!; pr.pt. fondente;
- godere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to enjoy": pr. godo Script error: No such module "IPA"., godi, gode, godiamo, godete, godono; p.p. ho goduto; impf. godevo; p.abs. godei/godetti, godesti; fut. godrò; pr.sub. che goda, che godiamo; impf.sub. che godessi; imp. godi!, goda!, godiamo!, godete!; pr.pt. godente;
- leggere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to read": pr. leggo Script error: No such module "IPA"., leggi Script error: No such module "IPA"., legge, leggiamo, leggete, leggono; p.p. ho letto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. leggevo; p.abs. lessi Script error: No such module "IPA"., leggesti; fut. leggerò; pr.sub. che legga, che leggiamo; impf.sub. che leggessi; imp. leggi!, legga!, leggiamo!, leggete!; pr.pt. leggente;
- mettere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to put, to set": pr. metto Script error: No such module "IPA"., metti, mette, mettiamo, mettete, mettono; p.p. ho messo Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. mettevo; p.abs. misi Script error: No such module "IPA"., mettesti; fut. metterò; pr.sub. che metta, che mettiamo; impf.sub. che mettessi; imp. metti!, metta!, mettiamo!, mettete!; pr.pt. mettente;
- morire Script error: No such module "IPA". "to die": pr. muoio Script error: No such module "IPA"., muori Script error: No such module "IPA"., muore, moriamo, morite, muoiono; p.p. sono morto/-a Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. morivo; p.abs. morii, moristi; fut. morirò/morrò; pr.sub. che muoia, che moriamo; impf.sub. che morissi; imp. muori!, muoia!, moriamo!, morite!; pr.pt. morente;
- muovere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to move sth": pr. muovo Script error: No such module "IPA"., muovi, muove, muoviamo/moviamo, muovete/movete, muovono; p.p. ho mosso Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. muovevo/movevo; p.abs. mossi Script error: No such module "IPA"., muovesti/movesti; fut. muoverò/moverò; pr.sub. che muova, che muoviamo/moviamo; impf.sub. che muovessi/movessi; imp. muovi!, muova!, muoviamo/moviamo!, muovete/movete!; pr.pt. muovente/movente;
- nascere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to be born": pr. nasco, nasci, nasce, nasciamo, nascete, nascono; p.p. sono nato/-a; impf. nascevo; p.abs. nacqui Script error: No such module "IPA"., nascesti; fut. nascerò; pr.sub. che nasca, che nasciamo; impf.sub. che nascessi; imp. nasci!, nasca!, nasciamo!, nascete!; pr.pt. nascente;
- nascondere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to hide": pr. nascondo Script error: No such module "IPA"., nascondi, nasconde, nascondiamo, nascondete, nascondono; p.p. ho nascosto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. nascondevo; p.abs. nascosi Script error: No such module "IPA"., nascondesti; fut. nasconderò; pr.sub. che nasconda, che nascondiamo; impf.sub. che nascondessi; imp. nascondi!, nasconda!, nascondiamo!, nascondete!; pr.pt. nascondente;
- nuocere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to harm": pr. nuoccio/noccio Script error: No such module "IPA"., nuoci Script error: No such module "IPA"., nuoce, nuociamo/nociamo, nuocete/nocete, nuocciono/nocciono; p.p. ho nuociuto/nociuto; impf. nuocevo/nocevo; p.abs. nocqui Script error: No such module "IPA"., nuocesti/nocesti; fut. nuocerò/nocerò; pr.sub. che nuoccia/noccia, che nuociamo/nociamo; impf.sub. che nuocessi/nocessi; imp. nuoci!, nuoccia/noccia!, nociamo/nuociamo!, nuocete/nocete!; pr.pt. nuocente/nocente;
- offrire Script error: No such module "IPA". "to offer": pr. offro Script error: No such module "IPA"., offri, offre, offriamo, offrite, offrono; p.p. ho offerto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. offrivo; p.abs. offrii/offersi Script error: No such module "IPA"., offristi; fut. offrirò; pr.sub. che offra, che offriamo; impf.sub. che offrissi; imp. offri!, offra!, offriamo!, offrite!; pr.pt. offerente;
- parere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to seem": pr. paio Script error: No such module "IPA"., pari, pare, paiamo, parete, paiono; p.p. sono parso/-a; impf. parevo; p.abs. parvi, paresti; fut. parrò; pr.sub. che paia, che paiamo; impf.sub. che paressi; no imp.; pr.pt. parvente;
- piacere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to be liked": pr. piaccio, piaci, piace, piacciamo, piacete, piacciono; p.p. sono piaciuto/-a; impf. piacevo; p.abs. piacqui Script error: No such module "IPA"., piacesti; fut. piacerò; pr.sub. che piaccia, che piacciamo; impf.sub. che piacessi; imp. piaci!, piaccia!, piacciamo!, piacete!; pr.pt. piacente;
- piangere Script error: No such module "IPA".[9] "to weep, to cry": pr. piango, piangi, piange, piangiamo, piangete, piangono; p.p. ho pianto; impf. piangevo; p.abs. piansi, piangesti; fut. piangerò; pr.sub. che pianga, che piangiamo; impf.sub. che piangessi; imp. piangi!, pianga!, piangiamo!, piangete!; pr.pt. piangente;
- porgere Script error: No such module "IPA".[10] "to extend, to hand": pr. porgo Script error: No such module "IPA"., porgi Script error: No such module "IPA"., porge, porgiamo, porgete, porgono; p.p. ho porto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. porgevo; p.abs. porsi Script error: No such module "IPA"., porgesti; fut. porgerò; pr.sub. che porga, che porgiamo; impf.sub. che porgessi; imp. porgi!, porga!, porgiamo!, porgete!; pr.pt. porgente;
- porre Script error: No such module "IPA". "to put": pr. pongo Script error: No such module "IPA"., poni Script error: No such module "IPA"., pone, poniamo, ponete, pongono; p.p. ho posto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. ponevo; p.abs. posi Script error: No such module "IPA"., ponesti; fut. porrò; pr.sub. che ponga, che poniamo; impf.sub. che ponessi; imp. poni!, ponga!, poniamo!, ponete!; pr.pt. ponente;
- potere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to be able (to)": pr. posso Script error: No such module "IPA"., puoi Script error: No such module "IPA"., può, possiamo, potete, possono; p.p. ho potuto;[7] impf. potevo; p.abs. potei, potesti; fut. potrò; pr.sub. che possa, che possiamo; impf.sub. che potessi; imp. possi!, possa!, possiamo!, possiate!; pr.pt. potente;
- prendere Script error: No such module "IPA".[11] "to take": pr. prendo Script error: No such module "IPA"., prendi, prende, prendiamo, prendete, prendono; p.p. ho preso Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. prendevo; p.abs. presi, prendesti; fut. prenderò; pr.sub. che prenda, che prendiamo; impf.sub. che prendessi; imp. prendi!, prenda!, prendiamo!, prendete!; pr.pt. prendente;
- redimere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to redeem": pr. redimo, redimi, redime, redimiamo, redimete, redimono; p.p. ho redento Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. redimevo; p.abs. redensi Script error: No such module "IPA"., redimesti; fut. redimerò; pr.sub. che redima, che redimiamo; impf.sub. che redimessi; imp. redimi!, redima!, redimiamo!, redimete!; pr.pt. redimente;
- rimanere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to stay, to remain": pr. rimango, rimani, rimane, rimaniamo, rimanete, rimangono; p.p. sono rimasto/-a; impf. rimanevo; p.abs. rimasi, rimanesti; fut. rimarrò; pr.sub. che rimanga, che rimaniamo; impf.sub. che rimanessi; imp. rimani!, rimanga!, rimaniamo, rimanete!; pr.pt. rimanente;
- risolvere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to solve": pr. risolvo Script error: No such module "IPA"., risolvi, risolve, risolviamo, risolvete, risolvono; p.p. ho risolto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. risolvevo; p.abs. risolsi Script error: No such module "IPA"., risolvesti; fut. risolverò; pr.sub. che risolva, che risolviamo; impf.sub. che risolvessi; imp. risolvi!, risolva!, risolviamo!, risolvete!; pr.pt. risolvente;
- rompere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to break (down)": pr. rompo Script error: No such module "IPA"., rompi, rompe, rompiamo, rompete, rompono; p.p. ho rotto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. rompevo; p.abs. Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; fut. romperò; pr.sub. che rompa, che rompiamo; impf.sub. che rompessi; imp. rompi!, rompa!, rompiamo!, rompete!; pr.pt. rompente;
- salire Script error: No such module "IPA". "to go up": pr. salgo, sali, sale, saliamo, salite, salgono; p.p. sono salito/-a; impf. salivo; p.abs. salii, salisti; fut. salirò; pr.sub. che salga, che saliamo; impf.sub. che salissi; imp. sali!, salga!, saliamo!, salite!; pr.pt. salente;
- sapere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to know": pr. so Script error: No such module "IPA"., sai, sa, sappiamo, sapete, sanno; p.p. ho saputo; impf. sapevo; p.abs. seppi Script error: No such module "IPA"., sapesti; fut. saprò; pr.sub. che sappia, che sappiamo; impf.sub. che sapessi; imp. sappi!, sappia!, sappiamo!, sappiate!; pr.pt. sapente;
- scindere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to divide, to sunder": pr. scindo, scindi, scinde, scindiamo, scindete, scindono; p.p. ho scisso; impf. scindevo; p.abs. scissi, scindesti; fut. scinderò; pr.sub. che scinda, che scindiamo; impf.sub. che scindessi; imp. scindi!, scinda!, scindiamo!, scindete!; pr.pt. scindente;
- scrivere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to write": pr. scrivo, scrivi, scrive, scriviamo, scrivete, scrivono; p.p. ho scritto; impf. scrivevo; p.abs. scrissi, scrivesti; fut. scriverò; pr.sub. che scriva, che scriviamo; impf.sub. che scrivessi; imp. scrivi!, scriva!, scriviamo!, scrivete!; pr.pt. scrivente;
- scuotere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to shake": pr. scuoto Script error: No such module "IPA"., scuoti, scuote, scuotiamo/scotiamo, scuotete/scotete, scuotono; p.p. ho scosso Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. scuotevo/scotevo; p.abs. scossi Script error: No such module "IPA"., scuotesti/scotesti; fut. scuoterò/scoterò; pr.sub. che scuota, che scuotiamo/scotiamo; impf.sub. che scuotessi/scotessi; imp. scuoti!, scuota!, scuotiamo/scotiamo!, scuotete/scotete!; pr.pt. scuotente/scotente;
- sedere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to sit": pr. siedo Script error: No such module "IPA"., siedi, siede, sediamo, sedete, siedono; p.p. sono seduto/-a; impf. sedevo; p.abs. sedei/sedetti, sedesti; fut. siederò/sederò; pr.sub. che sieda, che sediamo; impf.sub. che sedessi; imp. siedi!, sieda!, sediamo!, sedete!; pr.pt. sedente;
- sorgere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to rise": pr. sorgo Script error: No such module "IPA"., sorgi Script error: No such module "IPA"., sorge, sorgiamo, sorgete, sorgono; p.p. sono sorto/-a Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. sorgevo; p.abs. sorsi Script error: No such module "IPA"., sorgesti; fut. sorgerò; pr.sub. che sorga, che sorgiamo; impf.sub. che sorgessi; imp. sorgi!, sorga!, sorgiamo!, sorgete!; pr.pt. sorgente;
- spegnere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to turn off, to switch off": pr. spengo Script error: No such module "IPA"., spegni Script error: No such module "IPA"., spegne, spegniamo, spegnete, spengono; p.p. ho spento Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. spegnevo; p.abs. spensi Script error: No such module "IPA"., spegnesti; fut. spegnerò; pr.sub. che spenga, che spegniamo; impf.sub. che spegnessi; imp. spegni!, spenga!, spegniamo!, spegnete!; pr.pt. spegnente;
- svellere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to eradicate": pr. svello/svelgo Script error: No such module "IPA"., svelli, svelle, svelliamo, svellete, svellono/svelgono; p.p. ho svelto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. svellevo; p.abs. svelsi Script error: No such module "IPA"., svellesti; fut. svellerò; pr.sub. che svella/svelga, che svelliamo; impf.sub. che svellessi; imp. svelli!, svella/svelga!, svelliamo!, svellete!; pr.pt. svellente;
- tenere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to hold, to keep": pr. tengo Script error: No such module "IPA"., tieni Script error: No such module "IPA"., tiene, teniamo, tenete, tengono; p.p. ho tenuto; impf. tenevo; p.abs. tenni Script error: No such module "IPA"., tenesti; fut. terrò; pr.sub. che tenga, che teniamo; impf.sub. che tenessi; imp. tieni!, tenga!, teniamo!, tenete!; pr.pt. tenente;
- togliere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to remove": pr. tolgo Script error: No such module "IPA"., togli Script error: No such module "IPA"., toglie, togliamo, togliete, tolgono; p.p. ho tolto Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. toglievo; p.abs. tolsi Script error: No such module "IPA"., togliesti; fut. toglierò; pr.sub. che tolga, che togliamo; impf.sub. che togliessi; imp. togli!, tolga!, togliamo!, togliete!; pr.pt. togliente;
- trarre Script error: No such module "IPA". "to draw, to pull": pr. traggo, trai, trae, traiamo, traete, traggono; p.p. ho tratto; impf. traevo; p.abs. trassi, traesti; fut. trarrò; pr.sub. che tragga, che traiamo; impf.sub. che traessi; imp. trai!, tragga!, traiamo!, traete!; pr.pt. traente;
- udire Script error: No such module "IPA". "to hear": pr. odo Script error: No such module "IPA"., odi, ode, udiamo, udite, odono; p.p. ho udito; impf. udivo; p.abs. udii, udisti; fut. udrò/udirò; pr.sub. che oda, che udiamo; impf.sub. che udissi; imp. odi!, oda!, udiamo!, udite!; pr.pt. udente;
- uscire Script error: No such module "IPA". "to go out": pr. esco Script error: No such module "IPA"., esci Script error: No such module "IPA"., esce, usciamo, uscite, escono; p.p. sono uscito/-a; impf. uscivo; p.abs. uscii, uscisti; fut. uscirò; pr.sub. che esca, che usciamo; impf.sub. che uscissi; imp. esci!, esca!, usciamo!, uscite!; pr.pt. uscente;
- valere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to be worth": pr. valgo, vali, vale, valiamo, valete, valgono; p.p. sono valso/-a; impf. valevo; p.abs. valsi, valesti; fut. varrò; pr.sub. che valga, che valiamo; impf.sub. che valessi; imp. vali!, valga!, valiamo!, valete!; pr.pt. valente;
- vedere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to see": pr. vedo Script error: No such module "IPA"., vedi, vede, vediamo, vedete, vedono; p.p. ho visto; impf. vedevo; p.abs. Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; fut. vedrò; pr.sub. che veda, che vediamo; impf.sub. che vedessi; imp. vedi!, veda!, vediamo!, vedete!; pr.pt. vedente;
- venire Script error: No such module "IPA". "to come": pr. vengo Script error: No such module "IPA"., vieni Script error: No such module "IPA"., viene, veniamo, venite, vengono; p.p. sono venuto/-a; impf. venivo; p.abs. venni Script error: No such module "IPA"., venisti; fut. verrò; pr.sub. che venga, che veniamo; impf.sub. che venisse; imp. vieni!, venga!, veniamo!, venite!; pr.pt. venente;
- vivere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to live": pr. vivo, vivi, vive, viviamo, vivete, vivono; p.p. sono vissuto/-a, ho vissuto; impf. vivevo; p.abs. vissi, vivesti; fut. vivrò; pr.sub. che viva, che viviamo; impf.sub. che vivessi; imp. vivi!, viva!, viviamo!, vivete!; pr.pt. vivente;
- volere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to want (to)": pr. voglio Script error: No such module "IPA"., vuoi Script error: No such module "IPA"., vuole, vogliamo, volete, vogliono; p.p. ho voluto;[7] impf. volevo; p.abs. volli Script error: No such module "IPA"., volesti; fut. vorrò; pr.sub. che voglia, che vogliamo; impf.sub. che volessi; imp. vogli!, voglia!, vogliamo!, vogliate!; pr.pt. volente;
- volgere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to turn, to change": pr. volgo Script error: No such module "IPA"., volgi Script error: No such module "IPA"., volge, volgiamo, volgete, volgono; p.p. ho volto, sono volto/-a Script error: No such module "IPA".; impf. volgevo; p.abs. volsi Script error: No such module "IPA"., volgesti; fut. volgerò; pr.sub. che volga, che volgiamo; impf.sub. che volgessi; imp. volgi!, volga!, volgiamo!, volgete!; pr.pt. volgente;
- see all the other Italian irregular verbs in English Wiktionary and in Italian Wikipedia.
Notes
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Such verbs with the Script error: No such module "Lang". infix correspond to English Romance-origin verbs that end in "-ish", such as "finish", "punish", "accomplish", "extinguish", and so on.
- ^ Aski, Janice M. 1995. Verbal Suppletion: An Analysis of Italian, French, and Spanish to go. Linguistics 33.403-32.
- ^ thebigbook-2ed, pp. 113-120
- ^ The only verb that does not follow this pattern is sparire "to disappear", which is regular with infixed Script error: No such module "Lang"..
- ^ This conjugation is also followed by suadere Script error: No such module "IPA". (poetical term for "persuade") and the verbs derived from it.
- ^ The verb cedere "to yield, to surrender" and all the other ones derived from it are regular instead.
- ^ a b c These verbs always use the auxiliary verb avere to form the perfect tenses when on their own; however, when used as modals, they take essere or Script error: No such module "Lang". following the verb they refer to (if the auxiliary verb is essere, the past participle agrees with the subject): non sono potuto/-a venire "I wasn't able to come"; ho voluto parlare "I wanted to speak".
- ^ Same conjugation used for redigere "to draw up".
- ^ This conjugation is also followed by vincere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to win" (with consonant change from -g- to -c-) and the verbs derived from it.
- ^ This conjugation is also followed by torcere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to twist, to wring" (with consonant change from -g- to -c-) and the verbs derived from it.
- ^ The only two verbs that do not follow this pattern are fendere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to cleave, to split" and pendere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to hang", which are regular; note that scendere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to go down" is irregular (along with the verbs derived from it), while vendere Script error: No such module "IPA". "to sell" follows the regular pattern (along with the verbs derived from it).
Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition. Lengu. ISBN 978-8894034813.
External links
- Italian conjugations Script error: No such module "webarchive". - Find conjugated verbs
- verbi-italiani.info - Italian verb conjugations and online exercises
- Italian verb conjugator - Conjugate Italian verbs