LUFS

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Loudness units relative to full scale (LUFS), also known as loudness, K-weighted, relative to full scale (LKFS), is a standard loudness measurement unit used for audio normalization in broadcast television systems and other video and music streaming services.[1][2][3] LUFS is a synonym for LKFS that was introduced in EBU R 128.[4]

LKFS is standardized in ITU-R BS.1770.[5][6] In March 2011, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced a loudness gate in the second revision of the recommendation, ITU-R BS.1770-2.[7] In August 2012, the ITU released the third revision of this recommendation ITU-R BS.1770-3.[8] In October 2015, the ITU released the fourth revision of this recommendation ITU-R BS.1770-4.[9] In November 2023, the ITU released the fifth revision of this recommendation ITU-R BS.1770-5.[10]

K-weighting refers to the frequency weighting function applied to the audio signal before measurement, and is defined in ITU-R BS.1770.[11]

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) has suggested that the ITU should change the unit to LUFS, as LKFS does not comply with scientific naming conventions and is not in line with the standard set out in ISO 80000-8. Furthermore, they suggest the symbol for loudness level, k-weighted should be Lk, which would make Lk and LUFS equivalent when LUFS indicates the value of Lk with reference to digital full scale.[12]

LKFS and LUFS are identical in that they are both measured in absolute scale and both equal to one decibel (dB).[13]

Loudness units (LU) is an additional unit used in EBU R128. It describes Lk without direct absolute reference and therefore describes loudness level differences.

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.E.M. Grimm; R. van Everdingen; M. J. L. C. Schöpping. Towards a Recommendation for a European Standard of Peak and LKFS Loudness Levels (PDF) (Technical report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-12.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mastering & loudness – FAQ". Spotify for Artists. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mixing and Mastering Using LUFS". Mastering The Mix. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.EBU Recommendation R 128: Loudness normalisation and permitted maximum level of audio signals (PDF), European Broadcasting Union, August 2011, p. 3, retrieved 2013-05-31
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.ITU-R BS.1770 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level (PDF), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), p. 7
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.R 128 LOUDNESS NORMALISATION AND PERMITTED MAXIMUM LEVEL OF AUDIO SIGNALS (PDF), European Broadcasting Union
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.ITU-R BS.1770-2 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level (PDF), International Telecommunication Union
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.ITU-R BS.1770-3 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level (PDF), International Telecommunication Union
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.ITU-R BS.1770-4 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level (PDF), International Telecommunication Union, archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-10-09, retrieved 2017-10-24
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.ITU-R BS.1770-5 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level (PDF), International Telecommunication Union
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Learn More: K-weighting and other frequency weighting schemes". AES. Retrieved 2026-01-17.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.EBU Tech 3343 - Practical guidelines for Production and Implementation in accordance with EBU R 128 (PDF), European Broadcasting Union, retrieved 2014-03-14
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Loudness Explained, TC Electronics, retrieved 2018-02-19
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