Spurious languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lyons Sign Language)
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:DMCA Template:DMCA
Spurious languages are languages that have been reported as existing in reputable works, while other research has reported that the language in question did not exist. Some spurious languages have been proven to not exist. Others have very little evidence supporting their existence, and have been dismissed in later scholarship. Others still are of uncertain existence due to limited research. In some cases a purported language is tracked down and turns out to be another, known language. This is common when language varieties are named after places or ethnicities.
Historical spurious languages
Some alleged languages turn out to be hoaxes, such as the Kukurá language of Brazil or the Taensa language of Louisiana. Others are honest errors that persist in the literature despite being corrected by the original authors; an example of this is Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Hongote, the name given in 1892 to two colonial-era word lists, one of Tlingit and one of a Salishan language, that were mistakenly listed as Patagonian. The error was corrected three times that year, but nonetheless "Hongote" was still listed as a Patagonian language a century later in Greenberg (1987).[1]Template:Rp
In the case of New Guinea, one of the most linguistically diverse areas on Earth, some spurious languages are simply the names of language surveys that the data was published under. Examples are Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Mapi, Kia, Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Upper Digul, Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Upper Kaeme, listed as Indo-Pacific languages in Ruhlen 1987; these are actually rivers that gave their names to language surveys in the Greater Awyu languages and Ok languages of New Guinea.[2]
Dubious languages
Dubious languages are those whose existence is uncertain. They include:
- Oropom (Uganda)
- Nemadi (Mauritania)
- Rer Bare (Ethiopia) – extinct, if it ever existed
- Ladakhi Sign Language – no community to use it[3]
Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3
Following is a list of ISO 639-3 language codes which have been retired since the standard was established in 2006, arranged by the year in which the actual retirement took effect; in most cases the change request for retirement was submitted in the preceding year. Also included is a partial list of languages (with their SIL codes) that appeared at one time in Ethnologue but were removed prior to 2006, arranged by the first edition in which they did not appear.
The list includes codes that have been retired from ISO 639-3 or languages removed from Ethnologue because the language apparently does not exist and cannot be identified with an existing language. The list does not include instances where the "language" turns out to be a spelling variant of another language or the name of a village where an already known language is spoken; these are cases of duplicates, which are resolved in ISO 639-3 by a code merger. It does include "languages" for which there is no evidence or which cannot be found. (In some cases, however, the evidence for nonexistence is a survey among the current population of the area, which would not identify extinct languages such as Ware below.)
SIL codes are upper case; ISO codes are lower case. Once retired, ISO 639-3 codes are not reused.[4] SIL codes that were retired prior to 2006 may have been re-used or may have reappeared as ISO codes for other languages.
Removed from Ethnologue, 12th ed., 1992
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Itaem (PNG) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ITM]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Marajona (Brazil) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.MPQ]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Nemeyam (PNG) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.NMY]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Nereyama, Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Nereyó (Brazil) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.NRY]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Numbiaí (Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Orelha de Pau) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.NUH]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Oganibi (PNG) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.OGA]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Tijuana Sign Language (Mexico) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.TJS] – added to Ethnologue 1988 by mistake due to a misunderstanding, removed in 1992. No evidence that it ever existed.
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Tyeliri Senoufo [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.TYE] – the Tyeliri are a caste of leather workers, and do not have their own language
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Wagumi [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.WGM]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Zanofil [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ZNF] – name of an ethnic group that speaks Yongkom [yon]
Removed from Ethnologue, 13th ed., 1996
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Bibasa (PNG) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.BHE] – described as "isolate in need of survey" in the 12th ed.
Removed from Ethnologue, 14th ed., 2000
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Alak 2 [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ALQ] – a mislabeled fragment of a word list[5]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Dzorgai [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.DZI], Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Kortse [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.KBG], Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Pingfang [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.PFG], Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Thochu [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.TCJ], Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Lofuchai (Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Lophuchai) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.LFU], Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Wagsod [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.WGS] – old names for Qiangic languages, some of uncertain correspondence to currently recognized names
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Hsifan [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.HSI] – an ethnic name for people speaking a variety of Qiangic or Jiarongic languages
- Scandinavian Pidgin Sign Language [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.SPF] – normal inter-language contact, not an established pidgin
- Wutana (Nigeria) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.WUW] – an ethnic name
Removed from Ethnologue, 15th ed., 2005
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Jiji [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.JIJ][6]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Kalanke [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.CKN][7]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Lewada-Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Dewara [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.LWD], incl. Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Balamula/Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Mataru[8]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Lowland Semang [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ORB][9] (though other languages without ISO codes, such as Wila', are also called Lowland Semang)
- Mutús [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.MUF][10] – suspected to exist, e.g. by Adelaar 2005
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Nchinchege [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.NCQ][11]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Nkwak [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.NKQ][12] – same as Tanjijili? Also a possible synonym for Kwak (retired in 2015)
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Oso (Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Southern Fungom) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.OSO] – no evidence it is distinct from Fungom and Bum[13]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Rungi [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.RUR][14]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Wamsak [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.WBD][15]
Retired 2007
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Miarrã [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.xmi] – unattested[16][17]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Atuence [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.atf] – an old town name,[18] likely referring to Dêqên
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Amapá Creole [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.amd][19]
Retired 2008
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Amikoana (Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Amikuân) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.akn][20]
- Land Dayak [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.dyk] – language family name, not individual language[21]
- Ware [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.wre][22] – Ware is listed as extinct in Maho (2009). When an SIL team in Tanzania were not able to find any evidence of it being spoken, the code was retired.
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Bahau River Kenyah [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.bwv], Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Kayan River Kenyah [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.knh], Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Mahakam Kenyah [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.xkm], Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Upper Baram Kenyah [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ubm] – Any current use is likely either Mainstream Kenyah [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.xkl] or Uma' Lung [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ulu]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Amerax [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.aex] – prison jargon
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Garreh-Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Ajuran [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ggh] (Borana & Somali)
- Sufrai [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.suf] – two languages, Tarpia and Kaptiau, which are not close[23]
Retired 2009
- Aariya [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.aay]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Papavô [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ppv] – name given to several uncontacted groups
- Europanto [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.eur] – a jest
Retired 2010
- Chimakum [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.cmk] – duplicate of Chemakum [xch]
- Beti (Cameroon) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.btb] – a group name
Retired 2011
- Ayi (China) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ayx]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Dhanwar (India) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.dha]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Mahei [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.mja]
Retired 2012
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Palu [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.pbz]
- Pongyong [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.pgy]
- Elpaputih [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.elp] – could be either of two existing languages
- Wirangu-Nauo [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.wiw] – the two varieties which do not form a unit[24]
Retired 2013
- Malakhel [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.mld] – likely Ormuri
- Forest Maninka [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.myq] – generic
Retired 2014
- Gugu Mini [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ggm] – a generic name
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Maskoy Pidgin [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.mhh] – never existed
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Emok [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.emo] – never existed
- Yugh [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.yuu] – duplicate of Yug [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.yug]
- Lamam [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.lmm] – duplicate of Romam [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.rmx]
Retired 2015
- Mator-Taygi-Karagas [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ymt] – duplicate of Mator
- Yiddish Sign Language [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.yds] – no evidence that it existed[25]
- The [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.thx] – duplicate of Oy
- Imraguen (Mauritania) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ime]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Borna (Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Eborna) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.bxx] – perhaps a typo for Boma (Eboma)[26]
- Bemba [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.bmy] – a tribal name
- Songa [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.sgo] – a tribal name
- Daza [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.dzd] – retired in 2015 (with the reason "Nonexistent") but that decision was reversed in 2023, bringing [dzd] back[27]
- Buya [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.byy]
- Kakauhua [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.kbf] – Kakauhua/Caucahue is an ethnonym, language unattested – see Alacalufan languages
- Subi [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.xsj] – duplicate of Shubi [suj] but that decision was reversed in 2019, bringing [xsj] back[28]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Yangho [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ynh] – does not exist
- ǂKxʼaoǁʼae ("=/Kx'au//'ein") [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.aue] – dialect of Juǀʼhoan [ktz][29]
Retired 2016
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Bhatola [btl]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Cagua [cbh]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Chipiajes [cbe] – a Saliba and Guahibo surname
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Coxima [kox]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Iapama [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.iap] – uncontacted, and likely either Wayampi or Apalaí[30]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Kabixí [xbx] – generic name for Parecis, Nambiquaras, or any hostile group (see Cabixi language for one specific use)
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Runa [rna]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Savara (Dravidian) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.svr]
- Xipináwa [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.xip] – unattested and may not be distinct[31]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Yarí [yri] – dialect of Carijona[32]
And several supposed extinct Arawakan languages of Venezuela and Colombia:
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Cumeral [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.cum]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Omejes [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ome]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Ponares [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.pod] – a Sáliba surname, perhaps just Piapoco or Achagua[33]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Tomedes Template:A.k.a. Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Tamudes [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.toe]
Additional languages and codes were retired in 2016, due to a lack of evidence that they existed, but were not necessarily spurious as languages.
Retired 2017
- Lua' [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.prb][34]
- Rennellese Sign Language [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.rsi] – a home sign system, not a full language[35]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Rien [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.rie][36]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Shinabo [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.snh][37]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Pu Ko [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.puk] – no substantive evidence that the language ever existed.
Retired 2018
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Lyons Sign Language [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.lsg][38] – no substantive evidence that the language ever existed.
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Mediak [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.mwx][39]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Mosiro [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.mwy] – a clan name[40]
Retired 2019
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Lui [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.lba][41]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Khlor [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.llo] – duplicate of Kriang [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ngt][42]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Mina (India) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.myi] – Meena, a tribe and caste name in India[43]
Retired 2020
- Arma [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.aoh][44]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Tayabas Ayta [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ayy][45]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Babalia Creole Arabic [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.bbz][46]
- Barbacoas [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.bpb][47]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Cauca [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.cca][48]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Chamari [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.cdg][49]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Degaru [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.dgu][50]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Eastern Karnic [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ekc][51]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Khalaj [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.kjf][52]
- Lumbee [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.lmz][53]
- Palpa [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.plp][54]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Tapeba [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.tbb][55][56][57] – a recently created indigenous ethnicity, not a language
Retired 2021
Retired 2022
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Warduji [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.wrd][59]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Pini [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.pii][60]
- Judeo-Tunisian Arabic [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.ajt] – duplicate of Tunisian Arabic [aeb][61]
Retired 2023
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Tupí [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.tpw] – duplicate of Tupinamba [tpn][62]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Karipúna [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.kgm] – duplicate of Palikur [plu][63]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Koibal [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.zkb] – duplicate of Khakas [kjh][64]
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Salchuq [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.slq][65]
- Parsi [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.prp][66]
Retired 2024
- Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.Dek (Cameroon) [Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.dek] – duplicate of Suma [sqm]
Spurious according to Glottolog
Glottolog, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, classifies several languages, some with ISO 639 codes, as spurious/unattested in addition to those retired by the ISO. These include:
| Language Name | ISO 639-3 | Details |
|---|---|---|
| ǃKhuai | Duplicate of ǀXam | |
| Adabe | adb | Dialect of Wetarese, taken for a Papuan language |
| Adu | adu | Duplicate of Okpamheri |
| Agaria | agi | all likely candidates in the area already have ISO codes |
| Ahirani | ahr | Khandeshi dialect |
| Anasi | bpo | Misidentification of Nisa |
| Arakwal | rkw | An ethnic group, not a language |
| Baga Kaloum | bqf | Should be subsumed into Koga variant |
| Baga Sobané | bsv | Should be subsumed into Sitemu variant |
| Bainouk-Samik | bcb | Split from Bainouk-Gunyuño due solely to national border |
| Bhalay | bhx | A caste rather than a language |
| Bubia | bbx | |
| Buso | bso | Duplicate of Kwang |
| Chetco | ctc | Indistinguishable from Tolowa |
| Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao | cqd | |
| Con | cno | |
| Gengle | geg | Mutually intelligible with Kugama |
| Gowlan | goj | A caste rather than a language |
| Gowli | gok | A caste, not a language |
| Guajajara | gub | Mutually intelligble with Tenetehara |
| Ihievbe | ihi | Ibviosakan dialect |
| Inku | jat | Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
SIL named jat entry Jakati, Ethnologue 16 through 28 versions suggest spoken by 29,300 people in Ukraine, but a Ukrainian linguist Aleksej Barannikov contested it as maybe covered by Vlax Romani. An alternative name "Jat" may refer to some (at least two) village-lived dialects in Afghanistan, supported by Aparna Rao and Charles Kieffer, Glottolog currently supports Charles' investigate to name Inku, consider it related with Saraiki. |
| Ir | irr | duplicate of Ong-Ir |
| Judeo-Berber | jbe | According to Glottolog, Jewish Berbers speak no differently than Muslim Berbers. However, there are claims, listed in the linked article, that this is not true. |
| Kang | kyp | |
| Kannada Kurumba | kfi | |
| Katukína | kav | Historical form of modern-day language, not considered distinct |
| Kayort | kyv | Duplicate of Rajbanshi |
| Kisankasa | kqh | |
| Kofa | kso | Duplicate of Bata |
| Kpatili | kpm | Purportedly the original language of the Kpatili people, who now speak Gbayi, but any such language is unattested |
| Kuanhua | xnh | Insufficient attestion; possibly Khmu |
| Kuku-Mangk | xmq | |
| Lama (Myanmar) | lay | Duplicate of Nung |
| Lambichhong | lmh | Yakkha language; name exists due to form errors |
| Lang'e | yne | |
| Laopang | lbg | Undocumented Loloish language |
| Loarki | lrk | Also covered under Gade Lohar (gda) |
| Lopi | lov | Undocumented Loloish language |
| Lumba-Yakkha | luu | Yakkha language; name exists due to form errors |
| Mawa (Nigeria) | Page Template:Visible anchor/styles.css has no content.wma | listed in Ethnologue but SIL has no evidence it ever existed. |
| Munda | unx | Duplicate of Mundari |
| Ndonde Hamba | njd | Dialect of Makonde language |
| Norra | nrr | Duplicate of Nung |
| Northwestern Fars | faz | all likely candidates in the area already have ISO codes |
| Odut | oda | Extinct and unattested Nigerian language |
| Old Turkish | otk | |
| Ontenu | ont | A place rather than a language |
| Phangduwali | phw | Yakkha language; name exists due to form errors |
| Pisabo | pig | Asserted to be both unattested and non-distinct by Glottolog |
| Pokangá | pok | Spurious misidentification of Waimajã |
| Potiguára | pog | Unattested language, Glottolog argues is likely Old Tupi |
| Puimei Naga | npu | Indistinct variety of one of the related languages |
| Putoh | put | |
| Quetzaltepec Mixe | pxm | |
| Rufiji | rui | |
| Skagit | ska | duplicate of Lushootseed |
| Snohomish | sno | duplicate of Lushootseed |
| Southern Lolopo | ysp | Confused entry duplicating either Lolopo or Miqie |
| Southwestern Nisu | nsv | Likely confused additional Nisu language (spoken in same locations as Southern Nisu) |
| Syerna Senoufo | shz | Should be subsumed into Sìcìté Sénoufo |
| Tawang Monpa | twm | Chinese and Indian name for Dakpakha |
| Tetete | teb | Unattested, but intelligeble with Siona language |
| Thu Lao | tyl | Duplicate of Dai Zhuang |
| Tingui-Boto | tgv | Ethnic group speaking Dzubukuá |
| Welaung | weu | Place name, not a language |
| Yarsun | yrs | |
| Yauma | yax |
References and notes
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133.
- ^ Upper Kaeme may correspond to Korowai.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Glottolog 2.4 – Adabe". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ISO 639-3 Change History". 01.sil.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ Sidwell, 2009, Classifying the Austroasiatic languages
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JIJ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:CKN". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:LWD". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ORB". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:MUF". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NCQ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NKQ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:OSO". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:RUR". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ethnologue 14 report for language code:WBD". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurd, Conrad (8 August 2006). "Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Miarra". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurd, Conrad (26 March 2007). "Request Number 2006-122 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurd, Conrad (21 March 2007). "Request Number 2006-124 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holbrook, David J. (5 April 2007). "Request Number 2007-003 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peebles, Matt (1 September 2007). "Request Number 2007-254 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woodward, Mark (23 May 2007). "Request Number 2007-024 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lebold, Randy (29 August 2007). "Request Number 2007-231 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 5 December 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Legère, Karsten (18 August 2011). "Request Number 2011-133 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bickford, J. Albert (31 January 2014). "Request Number 2014-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2014-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."639 Identifier Documentation: dzd". SIL International. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."639 Identifier Documentation: xsj". SIL International. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dyer, Josh (28 August 2014). "Request Number 2014-059 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1–s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0. ISSN 1535-0665.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2015-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."2015-022 | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2015-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cheeseman, Nate (16 February 2016). "Request Number 2016-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bickford, Albert (23 September 2015). "Request Number 2016-002 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cheeseman, Nate (27 October 2015). "Request Number 2016-005 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2016-004 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bickford, J. Albert (9 March 2017). "Request Number 2017-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Legère, Karsten (18 May 2017). "Request Number 2017-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Legère, Karsten (31 August 2016). "Request Number 2016-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2018-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gehrmann, Ryan (22 January 2018). "Request Number 2018-008 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2018-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-018 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-019 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-028 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-026 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-025 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-034 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2019-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Tapeba at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Tapeba". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."2020-026 | Iso 639-3".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2021-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2021-021 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Turki, Houcemeddine (21 April 2021). "Request Number 2021-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2022-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2022-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Request Number 2022-009 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
External links
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Retired Code Elements Index". SIL International..
