Manakin

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Automated taxobox". The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of small suboscine passerine birds. The group contains 55 species distributed through the American tropics. The name is from Middle Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang". "little man" (also the source of the different bird name mannikin).[1]

Description

Manakins range in size from 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) and in weight from 8 to 30 g (0.28 to 1.06 oz). Species in the genus Tyranneutes are the smallest manakins, those in the genus Antilophia are believed to be the largest (since the genus Schiffornis are no longer considered manakins). They are compact stubby birds with short tails, broad and rounded wings, and big heads. The bill is short and has a wide gap. Females and first-year males have dull green plumage; most species are sexually dichromatic in their plumage,[2] the males being mostly black with striking colours in patches,[3] and in some species having long, decorative tail or crown feathers or erectile throat feathers. In some species, males from two to four years old have a distinctive subadult plumage.[2]

The syrinx or "voicebox" is distinctive in manakins, setting them apart from the related families Cotingidae and Tyrannidae. Furthermore, it is so acutely variable within the group that genera and even species may be identified by the syrinx alone, unlike birds of most oscine families. The sounds made are whistles, trills, and buzzes.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Manakins occur from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil, and on Trinidad and Tobago as well. They are highly arboreal and are almost exclusively forest and woodland birds. Most species live in humid tropical lowlands, with a few in dry forests, river forests,[2] and the subtropical Andes.[4] Some highland species have altitudinal migrations.

Behaviour and ecology

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Phylogeny based on a study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and colleagues published in 2020. The genera Chiroxiphia and Neopelma were found to be paraphyletic.[5]

Feeding

Manakins feed in the understory on small fruit (but often remarkably large for the size of the bird[4]) including berries, and to a lesser degree, insects. Since they take fruit in flight as other species "hawk" for insects, they are believed to have evolved from insect-eating birds. Females have big territories from which they do not necessarily exclude other birds of their species, instead feeding somewhat socially. Males spend much of their time together at courtship sites. Manakins sometimes join mixed feeding flocks.[2]

Reproduction

Many manakin species have spectacular lekking courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in the genera Pipra and Chiroxiphia. The rituals are characterized by a unique, species-specific pattern of vocalizations and movements such as jumping, bowing, wing vibration, wing snapping, and acrobatic flight.[6] The members of the genera Machaeropterus and Manacus have heavily modified wing feathers, which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds. Members of Manacus and Ceratopipra have superfast wing movements.[7] The ability to produce these wing movements is supported by specialized peripheral androgen receptors in the muscular tissue.[8]

Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), the incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The helmeted manakin does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch is two eggs, which are buff or dull white, marked with brown.[2]

Lekking polygyny seems to have been a characteristic of the family's original ancestor, and the associated sexual selection led to an adaptive radiation in which relationships may be traced by similarities in displays. Manakin sexual displays within these leks among the ancestral subfamily Neopelminae are the most simple, while displays among the more evolutionarily recent subfamily Piprinae are the most complex.[9] An evolutionary explanation connecting lekking to fruit-eating has been proposed.[2]

Species list

The family Pipridae was introduced (as Pipraria) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.[10][11] The members of the genus Schiffornis were previously placed in this family, but are now placed in Tityridae.[12]

Image Genus Living species
File:Dixiphia pipra - male.jpg Pseudopipra Kirwan et al, 2016
File:Rabo de arame.jpg Pipra Linnaeus, 1764
File:Golden-headed Manakin RWD.jpg Ceratopipra Bonaparte, 1854
File:Lepidothrix coronata 1.jpg Lepidothrix Bonaparte, 1854
File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Long-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis).jpg Chiroxiphia Cabanis, 1847
File:Pin-tailed manakin (Ilicura militaris).jpg Ilicura L. Reichenbach, 1850
File:Masius chrysopterus - male.jpg Masius Bonaparte, 1850
File:White-Ruffed Manakin.jpg Corapipo Bonaparte, 1854
File:White-collared Manakin - Sarapiqui - Costa Rica MG 0596 (26585018422).jpg Manacus Brisson, 1760
File:Machaeropterus deliciosus -NW Ecuador-6.jpg Machaeropterus Hahn, 1819
File:Xenopipo atronitens Black Manakin (male); Machadinho d'Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil (cropped).jpg Xenopipo Cabanis, 1847
File:Green Manakin fem - South Ecuador S4E1153 (16638948837).jpg Cryptopipo Ohlson et al., 2013
File:Chloropipo unicolor Jet Manakin (male); Chontabamba, Oxapampa, Peru (cropped).jpg Chloropipo Cabanis & Heine, 1859
File:Heterocercus flavivertex - Yellow-crowned Manakin.JPG Heterocercus Strickland, 1850
File:Neopelma chrysolophum - Serra do Mar Tyrant-Manakin.jpg Neopelma P.L. Sclater, 1861
File:Tyranneutes virescens - Tiny tyrant Manakin.JPG Tyranneutes P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1881

References

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  1. ^ New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1032.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Prum, Richard O.; Snow, David W. (2003). "Manakins". In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 434–437. ISBN 978-1-55297-777-4.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lanyon, Scott N. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 167–168. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6.
  4. ^ a b Snow, D. W. (2004). Family Pipridae (Manakins). Pp. 110-169 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A. eds (2004). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Template:ISBN
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harvey, M.G.; Bravo, G.A.; Claramunt, S.; Cuervo, A.M.; Derryberry, G.E.; Battilana, J.; Seeholzer, G.F.; McKay, J.S.; O'Meara, B.C.; Faircloth, B.C.; Edwards, S.V.; Pérez-Emán, J.; Moyle, R.G.; Sheldon, F.H.; Aleixo, A.; Smith, B.T.; Chesser, R.T.; Silveira, L.F.; Cracraft, J.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science. 370 (6522): 1343–1348. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1343H. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970. hdl:10138/329703. PMID 33303617. S2CID 228084618. A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schwark, Ryan W; Fuxjager, Matthew J; Schmidt, Marc F (2022-05-31). McCarthy, Margaret M; Dulac, Catherine (eds.). "Proposing a neural framework for the evolution of elaborate courtship displays". eLife. 11 e74860. doi:10.7554/eLife.74860. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9154748. PMID 35639093.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pease, J; Driver, R; de la Cerda, D; Day, L; Lindsay, W; Schinger, B; Schuppe, E; Balakrishnan, C; Fuxjager, M (2022). "Layered evolution of gene expression in "superfast" muscles for courtship". PNAS. 119 (14) e2119671119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2119671119. PMC 9168950. PMID 35363565. S2CID 247865808.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fuxjager, Matthew J; Miles, Meredith C; Goller, Franz; Petersen, John; Yancey, Julia (2017-11-01). "Androgens Support Male Acrobatic Courtship Behavior by Enhancing Muscle Speed and Easing the Severity of Its Tradeoff With Force". Endocrinology. 158 (11): 4038–4046. doi:10.1210/en.2017-00599. hdl:10339/96037. ISSN 0013-7227. PMID 28938418.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Alfonso, Camilo; Jones, Blake C; Vernasco, Ben J; Moore, Ignacio T (2021-07-12). "Integrative Studies of Sexual Selection in Manakins, a Clade of Charismatic Tropical Birds". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 61 (4): 1267–1280. doi:10.1093/icb/icab158. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 34251421.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 66.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 149, 252. hdl:2246/830.
  12. ^ Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. Script error: No such module "webarchive". American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.

Further reading

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