Modal share

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Template:Short description

United Kingdom transport modal share from 1952 to 2014, Department for Transport

A modal share (also called mode split, mode-share, or modal split) is the percentage of travelers using a particular type of transportation or number of trips using said type.[1] In freight transportation, this may be measured in mass.

Modal share is an important component in developing sustainable transport within a city or region. In recent years, many cities have set modal share targets for balanced and sustainable transport modes, particularly 30% of non-motorized (cycling and walking) and 30% of public transport. These goals reflect a desire for a modal shift, or a change between modes, and usually encompasses an increase in the proportion of trips made using sustainable modes.[2]

Comparability of data

Modal share data is usually obtained by travel surveys, which are often conducted by local governments, using different methodologies. Sampling and interviewing techniques, definitions, the extent of geographical areas and other methodological differences can influence comparability. Most typical surveys refer to the main mode of transport used during trips to work.[3] Surveys covering entire metropolitan areas are preferred over city proper surveys which typically cover only the denser inner city. As of 26 August 2025 the reference years in these lists span over two decades, making comparisons problematic, especially given changing population, new transportation infrastructure and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, among other factors.

The following tables present the modal split of journeys to work. It is better to use a measure of all trips on a typical weekday, but journey to work data is more readily available. It would also be beneficial to disaggregate private motor vehicles figures to car driver, car passengers and motorbikes (especially relevant for Asian cities).

Metropolitan areas with over 1,000,000 inhabitants

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This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.
Metro area Walking Cycling Public transport Private motor vehicle Year Survey area Country
Template:Flagicon Adelaide 3% 1% 11% 85% 2016[4] GCCSA Australia
Template:Flagicon Atlanta 1% 0% 3% 86% 2016[5] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Mexico City 1% 1% 71% 22% 2019[6] Mexico
Template:Flagicon Athens 8% 2% 37% 53% 2006[7] Greece
Template:Flagicon Auckland 5% 1% 12% 81% 2018[8] MUA New Zealand
Template:Flagicon Austin 2% 1% 3% 83% 2019[9] USA
Template:Flagicon Baltimore 3% 0% 7% 84% 2016[10] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Barcelona 34.35% 2.28% 37.33% 26.04% 2018[11] Spain
Template:Flagicon Beijing 21% 32% 26% 21% 2005/2011[12] China
Template:Flagicon Belgrade 23% 1% 49% 27% 2015 Serbia
Template:Flagicon Berlin 34% 18% 26% 22% 2023[13] Germany
Template:Flagicon Brisbane 4% 1% 14% 81% 2016[14] GCCSA Australia
Template:Flagicon Brussels 36% 9% 24% 29% 2022[15] Belgium
Template:Flagicon Bogotá 24% 7% 43% 15% 2019[12] Colombia
Template:Flagicon Boston 5% 1% 14% 73% 2016[16] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Bucharest 31% 2% 27% 36% 2015[17] Other (taxi): 4% Romania
Template:Flagicon Budapest 32% 1% 47% 20% 2011 Hungary
Template:Flagicon Calgary 4% 1% 8% 84% 2021 [18] CMA Canada
Template:Flagicon Chicago 7.1% 1.8% 20.5% 51% 2024[19] USA
Template:Flagicon Cologne 25% 19% 21% 35% 2017[20] Germany
Template:Flagicon Dallas 1% 0% 2% 90% 2016[21] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Daejeon 26% 2% 28% 44% 2012[22] South Korea
Template:Flagicon Delhi 21% 12% 48% 19% 2008/2011[12] India
Template:Flagicon Detroit 1% 0% 2% 92% 2016[23] USA
Template:Flagicon Denver 2% 1% 4% 81% 2020[24] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Dhaka 19% 39% 29% 13% 2009[25] Bangladesh
Template:Flagicon Dublin 18% 7% 15% 59% 2020[26] Ireland
Template:Flagicon Edmonton 3% 1% 6% 87% 2021 [27] CMA Canada
Template:Flagicon Guangzhou 35% 19% 22% 23% 2021[28][29] China
Template:Flagicon Hamburg 22% 22% 24% 32% 2022[30] Germany
Template:Flagicon Helsinki 10.99% 9.34% 32.42% 46% 2016[31] MA, Other: 0.5% Finland
Template:Flagicon Hong Kong 11% 0.5% 77% 12% 2011[32] China
Template:Flagicon Houston 1% 0% 2% 91% 2016[33] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Indianapolis 1% 0% 1% 91% 2016[34] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Jakarta 1% 0.2% 20% 78%* 2019[35] UA *67% motorbike Indonesia
Template:Flagicon Kuala Lumpur 0.5% 0.5% 21% 78% 2018[36] Malaysia
Template:Flagicon Las Vegas 1% 0% 4% 90% 2016[37] UA USA
Template:Flagicon London 26% 2.5% 44.5% 27% 2020[38] UK
Template:Flagicon Los Angeles 3% 1% 5% 85% 2016[39] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Madrid 34% 0.5% 25% 40% 2018[40] Spain
Template:Flagicon Manila 9% 2% 44% 45% 2019[12] Philippines
Template:Flagicon Melbourne 4% 2% 19% 76% 2016[14] GCCSA Australia
Template:Flagicon Miami 2% 1% 4% 87% 2016[41] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Milan 18% 10% 41% 29% 2014[42] Italy
Template:Flagicon Minsk 13% 1% 63% 20% 2016[43] Belarus
Template:Flagicon Montreal 5% 2% 22% 70% 2016[44] CMA Canada
Template:Flagicon Mumbai 27% 6% 52% 15% 2008/2011[12] India
Template:Flagicon Munich 33% 21% 22% 24% 2023[45] Germany
Template:Flagicon Nagoya 15% 13% 30% 43% 2011[46] Japan
Template:Flagicon New York City 30.7% 1.1% 32.1% 30.2% 2019[47] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Osaka 7% 19% 61% 13% 2010[48] Japan
Template:Flagicon Ottawa 8% 2% 18% 72% 2016[49] CMA Canada
Template:Flagicon Paris 40% 2% 22% 34% 2020[50] Parisiens France
Template:Flagicon Perth 3% 1% 12% 84% 2016[14] GCCSA Australia
Template:Flagicon Philadelphia 4% 1% 10% 80% 2016[51] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Phoenix 2% 1% 2% 87% 2016[52] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Portland 3% 3% 7% 78% 2016[53] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Prague 35% 1% 37% 25% 2021[54] Czech Republic
Template:Flagicon Rio de Janeiro 29% 3% 43% 25% 2012[55] UA Brazil
Template:Flagicon Rome 4% 1% 29% 66% 2014[56] Italy
Template:Flagicon San Antonio 2% 0% 3% 90% 2016[57] UA USA
Template:Flagicon San Diego 3% 1% 3% 85% 2016[58] UA USA
Template:Flagicon San Francisco 5% 2% 20% 64% 2016[59] UA USA
Template:Flagicon San Jose 2% 2% 5% 84% 2016[60] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Santiago 34.5% 4% 29.6% 25.7% 2012[61] UA Chile
Template:Flagicon São Paulo 32% 1% 36% 31% 2017[62] UA Brazil
Template:Flagicon Seattle 4% 1% 10% 77% 2016[63] UA USA
Template:Flagicon Seoul N/A 4% 66% 23% 2014[64] South Korea
Template:Flagicon Shanghai 27% 20% 33% 20% 2009/2011[12] China
Template:Flagicon Singapore 22% 1% 44% 33% 2011[12] Singapore
Template:Flagicon Sofia N/A N/A 73%[a] 27% 2010[65] Bulgaria
Template:Flagicon Stockholm 14% 7% 47% 32% 2011[66] Sweden
Template:Flagicon Sydney 5% 1% 27% 65% 2020[67] Deloitte Australia
Template:Flagicon Taipei 13% 4% 43% 40% 2016[68] Taiwan
Template:Flagicon Tel Aviv 8.2% 4.3% 17.7% 62.5% 2022[69] Israel
Template:Flagicon Tokyo 23% 14% 51% 12% 2008/2009[12] Japan
Template:Flagicon Toronto 5% 1% 16% 76% 2021[70] CMA Canada
Template:Flagicon Vancouver 6% 2% 15% 75% 2021[71] CMA Canada
Template:Flagicon Vienna 30% 11% 34% 25% 2024[72] Austria
Template:Flagicon Warsaw 18% 3% 47% 32% 2015[73] Poland
Template:Flagicon Washington, D.C. 3% 1% 6% 56% 2022[74] UA USA

Metropolitan areas with over 250,000 inhabitants

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Template:TDMCA

Metro area walking cycling public transport private motor vehicle year
Template:Flagicon Aarhus 7% 27% 19% 43% 2004
Template:Flagicon Alicante 18% 0% 13% 69% 2004
Template:Flagicon Amsterdam 5% 30% 19% 42% 2020[75]
Template:Flagicon Bari 13% 1% 14% 72% 2001
Template:Flagicon Basel 33% 17% 27% 22% 2015[76]
Template:Flagicon Bern 30% 15% 32% 22% 2015[76]
Template:Flagicon Bilbao 68.1% 0.9% 19.6% 11.1% 2021[77]
Template:Flagicon Birmingham 1% 1% 25% 66% 2001
Template:Flagicon Bologna 8% 4% 21% 67% 2001
Template:Flagicon Bonn 28% 15% 17% 41% 2017[78]
Template:Flagicon Bratislava 26.7% 1.6% 32.6% 37.7% 2014[79]
Template:Flagicon Brno 5% 2% 57% 32% 2012[80]
Template:Flagicon Buffalo 6% 1% 14% 79% 2012
Template:Flagicon Bremen 25% 25% 15% 36% 2018
Template:Flagicon Bristol 19% 8% 12% 55% 2011[81]
Template:Flagicon Canberra 5% 3% 8% 85% 2016[14]
Template:Flagicon Christchurch 4% 6% 5% 84% 2018[8]
Template:Flagicon Copenhagen 30% 26% 18% 26% 2021[82]
Template:Flagicon Córdoba 18% 1% 10% 71% 2004
Template:Flagicon Dortmund 19% 10% 22% 49% 2019
Template:Flagicon Dresden 26% 18% 20% 36% 2018
Template:Flagicon Dublin 13.2% 7.6% 21.5% 48.5% 2016[83]
Template:Flagicon Düsseldorf 34% 13% 18% 35% 2017[84]
Template:Flagicon Edinburgh 19% 7% 30% 42% 2009–2010[85]
Template:Flagicon Eindhoven 3% 24% 8% 65% 2004
Template:Flagicon Essen 19% 7% 19% 55% 2019
Template:Flagicon Florence 8% 4% 21% 69% 2001
Template:Flagicon Frankfurt 11% 15% 30% 44% 2015
Template:Flagicon Freiburg im Breisgau 29% 34% 16% 21% 2017
Template:Flagicon Gent 15.6% 33.8% 11.2% 39% 2021[86]
Template:Flagicon Gdańsk 20.8% 5.9% 32.1% 41.2% 2016[87]
Template:Flagicon Gijón 24% 0% 17% 59% 2004
Template:Flagicon Gothenburg 12% 14% 21% 52% 2004
Template:Flagicon Graz 19% 19% 20% 42% 2018[88]
Template:Flagicon The Hague 5% 22% 30% 43% 2004
Template:Flagicon Halifax 8% 1% 12% 78% 2016[89]
Template:Flagicon Hamilton 4% 1% 10% 84% 2016[90]
Template:Flagicon Hanover 26% 19% 19% 36% 2017
Template:Flagicon Kraków 28.4% 1.2% 36.3% 33.7% 2013
Template:Flagicon Las Palmas 15% 0.42% 13% 68% 2011[91]
Template:Flagicon Lisbon 15.6% 2.5% 30.8% 50.2% 2020[92]
Template:Flagicon Málaga 12% 0% 11% 77% 2004
Template:Flagicon Malmö 14% 26% 25% 34% 2018[93]
Template:Flagicon Murcia 18% 1% 7% 74% 2004
Template:Flagicon Naples 13% 0% 26% 60% 2001
Template:Flagicon Nuremberg 30% 15% 23% 32% 2023[94]
Template:Flagicon Oslo 32% 6% 31% 29% 2022[95]
Template:Flagicon Palermo 12% 1% 9% 78% 2001
Template:Flagicon Pamplona 42% 2% 13% 41% 2013[96]
Template:Flagicon Poznań 20.6% 8.4% 33.7% 37.3% 2019
Template:Flagicon Quebec City 2% 6% 11% 80% 2016[97]
Template:Flagicon Rotterdam 5% 14% 25% 56% 2004
Template:Flagicon Seville 13% 7% 18% 62% 2014
Template:Flagicon Stuttgart 29% 8% 23% 40% 2017[98]
Template:Flagicon Tallinn 14% 2% 34% 49% 2020[99]
Template:Flagicon Tampere 10% 10% 14% 66% 2021[100]
Template:Flagicon Turin 12% 3% 5% 79% 2004
Template:Flagicon Utrecht 25.3% 48.4% 5.4% 18.7% 2018[101]
Template:Flagicon Valencia 16% 1% 21% 62% 2004
Template:Flagicon Valladolid 22% 1% 20% 57% 2004
Template:Flagicon Vigo 19% 0% 13% 68% 2004
Template:Flagicon Vilnius 36% 0% 26% 38% 2011[102]
Template:Flagicon Vitoria-Gasteiz 45.6% 8.0% 9.5% 35.5% 2021[103]
Template:Flagicon Wellington 21% 4% 23% 49% 2018[8]
Template:Flagicon Victoria (CMA) 10% 7% 11% 70% 2016
Template:Flagicon Winnipeg 5% 2% 14% 79% 2016[104]
Template:Flagicon Wrocław 24.2% 6.3% 27.6% 41.4% 2018
Template:Flagicon Zaragoza 45.91% 2.90% 23.71% 26.88% 2017[105]
Template:Flagicon Zürich 33% 12% 32% 21% 2015[76]
Mean ± SD 13±8% 8±9% 24±13% 55±17%

Notes: European data is based on the Urban Audit[106]

The Charter of Brussels, signed by 36 cities including Brussels, Ghent, Milan, Munich, Seville, Edinburgh, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Gdansk, and Timișoara, commits the signatories to achieve at least 15% of bicycling modal share by 2020, and calls upon European institutions to do likewise.[107] The cycling modal share is strongly associated with the size of local cycling infrastructure.[108]

The Canadian city of Hamilton adopted a similar modal share target plan in 2005.[109]

The modal share differs considerably depending on each city in the developing world.[110][111][112]

According to UNECE, the global on-road vehicle fleet is to double by 2050 (from 1,2 billion to 2,5 billion,[113] see introduction), with most future car purchases taking place in developing countries. Some experts even mention that the number of vehicles in developing countries will increase by 4 or 5-fold by 2050 (compared to current car use levels), and that the majority of these will be second-hand.[14][114]

Legislation impacting the modal share

Legislation can discourage car ownership through, for example, taxation and conditions on new car purchases). This could help in achieving a modal shift.[115]

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Result achieved using the percentage of commuters using PT (63%) plus Taxi (3%) and additionally marshrutkas (7%).

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