Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

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Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

Paradigm summaries

A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.

  • Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
    • Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behaviour)
  • Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
  • Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
  • Declarative programming – describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes cf. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)
  • Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
  • Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
  • Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
  • Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
  • Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
  • Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
    • Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which a compiler uses templates to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
    • Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
  • Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
    • Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
    • Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
  • Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
  • Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
  • Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming[1]

Language overview

Template:Sticky header

List of multi-paradigm programming languages
Language Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Other
AdaTemplate:Wbr[2]Template:Wbr[3]Template:Wbr[4]Template:Wbr[5]Template:Wbr[6] 5 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 1] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
ALF 2 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
AmigaE
[citation needed]		 2 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
APL 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Array (multi-dimensional)
BETA
[citation needed]		 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
C++ 7 (15) YesTemplate:Wbr[7]Template:Wbr[8]Template:Wbr[9] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[10] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[11]Template:Wbr[12] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[13]Template:Wbr[14] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[15]Template:Wbr[16] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[17] YesTemplate:Wbr[a 3] Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[18]Template:Wbr[19] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[20] YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[21] Template:Screen reader-only LibraryTemplate:Wbr[22] Array (multi-dimensional; using STL)
C# 8 (15) Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[23]Template:Wbr[24] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[a 4] YesTemplate:Wbr[25] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[26]Template:Wbr[27] YesTemplate:Wbr[a 5] YesTemplate:Wbr[28]Template:Wbr[29] Yes Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[30] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[a 6] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[31] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[32] ReactiveTemplate:Wbr[a 7]
ChucK
[citation needed]		 3 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Claire 2 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Clojure 5 YesTemplate:Wbr[33]Template:Wbr[34] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[35] YesTemplate:Wbr[36] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only LibraryTemplate:Wbr[37] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[38] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Multiple dispatch,Template:Wbr[39] AgentsTemplate:Wbr[40]
Common Lisp 7 (14) LibraryTemplate:Wbr[41] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[42] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[43] YesTemplate:Wbr[44] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[45] Yes Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[46] Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[47] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 8]Template:Wbr[a 2]Template:Wbr[48] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[49] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[50] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[51] Multiple dispatch, meta-OOP system,Template:Wbr[52] Language is extensible via metaprogramming.
Curl 5 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 3] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Curry 4 Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
D (version 2.0)Template:Wbr[53]Template:Wbr[54] 7 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 9] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[55]Template:Wbr[a 3] YesTemplate:Wbr[a 3] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Delphi 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 3] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Dylan
[citation needed]		 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
E 3 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
ECMAScriptTemplate:Wbr[56]Template:Wbr[57] (ActionScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript) 4 (5) PartialTemplate:Wbr[a 10]Template:Wbr[a 11] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only LibraryTemplate:Wbr[58]Template:Wbr[59] Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 12] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[60]Template:Wbr[61] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Reactive,Template:Wbr[a 13]Template:Wbr[62] event drivenTemplate:Wbr[a 14]Template:Wbr[a 15]
Erlang 3 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Elixir 4 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Elm 6 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes (pure)Template:Wbr[a 16] Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Reactive
F# 7 (8) YesTemplate:Wbr[a 9] Template:Screen reader-only LibraryTemplate:Wbr[a 4] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only ReactiveTemplate:Wbr[a 7]
Fortran 4 (5) Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 16] Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 17] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Array (multi-dimensional)
Go 4 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Haskell 8 (15) Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[63] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[64] Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[65] Yes (lazy) (pure)Template:Wbr[a 16] YesTemplate:Wbr[66] Yes Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[67] Template:Screen reader-only PartialTemplate:Wbr[a 18] Yes Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[68] Literate, reactive, dependent types (partial)
Io 4 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 9] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 12] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
J
[citation needed]		 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Java 6 Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[69] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[70] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Julia 9 (17) Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[71] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[72]Template:Wbr[73] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[74] Yes Yes (eager) Yes Yes Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[75] Yes PartialTemplate:Wbr[a 19] Yes Template:Screen reader-only LibraryTemplate:Wbr[76]Template:Wbr[77] Multiple dispatch,
Array (multi-dimensional); optionally lazyTemplate:Wbr[78] and reactive (with libraries)
Kotlin 8 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
LabVIEW 4 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Lava 2 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
LispWorks (version 6.0 with support for symmetric multi-processing, rules, logic (Prolog), CORBA) 9 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only
Lua
[citation needed]		 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 12] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
MATLAB 6 (10) ToolboxTemplate:Wbr[79] ToolboxTemplate:Wbr[80] YesTemplate:Wbr[81] Template:Screen reader-only ToolboxTemplate:Wbr[82] Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[83] YesTemplate:Wbr[84] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[85] YesTemplate:Wbr[86] Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[87] Template:Screen reader-only Array (multi-dimensional)
Nemerle 7 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Object Pascal 4 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
OCaml 4 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Oz 11 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only
Perl
[citation needed]		 8 (9) YesTemplate:Wbr[88] Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[89] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
PHPTemplate:Wbr[90]Template:Wbr[91]Template:Wbr[92] 4 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Poplog 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Prograph 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Python 5 (10) LibraryTemplate:Wbr[93]Template:Wbr[94] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[95] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only LibraryTemplate:Wbr[96] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[97]Template:Wbr[98] YesTemplate:Wbr[99]Template:Wbr[100] Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[101] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Structured
R 4 (6) LibraryTemplate:Wbr[102] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only LibraryTemplate:Wbr[103] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[104] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Array (multi-dimensional)
Racket 10 YesTemplate:Wbr[105] YesTemplate:Wbr[106] YesTemplate:Wbr[107] Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[108] Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only LazyTemplate:Wbr[109]
Raku 10 YesTemplate:Wbr[110] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[111] YesTemplate:Wbr[112] Template:Screen reader-only LibraryTemplate:Wbr[113] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[114] YesTemplate:Wbr[115] Yes Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[116] YesTemplate:Wbr[117] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Multiple dispatch, lazy lists, reactive.
ROOP 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only
Ruby 5 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Rust (version 1.0.0-alpha) 6 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 9] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[118]Template:Wbr[119] YesTemplate:Wbr[120] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Linear, affline, and ownership types
Sather
[citation needed]		 2 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
ScalaTemplate:Wbr[121]Template:Wbr[122] 9 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 9] Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 20] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Simula
[citation needed]		 2 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
SISAL 3 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Spreadsheets 2 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Swift 7 Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Block-structured
Tcl with Snit extension
[citation needed]		 3 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[123] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only YesTemplate:Wbr[a 12]Template:Wbr[124] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Visual Basic .NET 6 (7) Yes Template:Screen reader-only LibraryTemplate:Wbr[a 4] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only ReactiveTemplate:Wbr[a 7]
Windows PowerShell 6 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes Yes Template:Screen reader-only Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Yes Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Wolfram Language & Mathematica 13Template:Wbr[125] (14) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[126] Template:Screen reader-only Yes Knowledge Based

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ rendezvous and monitor-like based
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai class-based
  3. ^ a b c d e template metaprogramming
  4. ^ a b c using TPL Dataflow
  5. ^ only lambda support (lazy functional programming)
  6. ^ using TPL Dataflow
  7. ^ a b c using Reactive Extensions (Rx)
  8. ^ multiple dispatch, method combinations
  9. ^ a b c d e actor programming
  10. ^ promises, native extensions
  11. ^ using Node.js' cluster module or child_process.fork method, web workers in the browser, etc.
  12. ^ a b c d Prototype-based
  13. ^ using Reactive Extensions (RxJS)
  14. ^ in Node.js via their events module
  15. ^ in browsers via their native EventTarget API
  16. ^ a b c purely functional
  17. ^ parameterized classes
  18. ^ immutable
  19. ^ Uses structs with function polymorphism and multiple dispatch
  20. ^ Akka Script error: No such module "webarchive".

Citations

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bragg, S.D.; Driskill, C.G. (20–22 September 1994). "Diagrammatic-graphical programming languages and DoD-STD-2167A". Proceedings of AUTOTESTCON '94 (Facebook. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 211–220. doi:10.1109/AUTEST.1994.381508. ISBN 978-0-7803-1910-3. S2CID 62509261.
  2. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
  3. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
  4. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
  5. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
  6. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
  7. ^ Thread support
  8. ^ Atomics support
  9. ^ Memory model
  10. ^ Gecode
  11. ^ SystemC
  12. ^ Boost.Iostreams
  13. ^ Boolinq
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AraRat" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
  15. ^ OpenMPI
  16. ^ Boost.MPI
  17. ^ Boost.MPL
  18. ^ LC++
  19. ^ Castor Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  20. ^ Reflect Library
  21. ^ N3534
  22. ^ Boost.Spirit
  23. ^ Decider
  24. ^ Zen
  25. ^ LINQ
  26. ^ Orleans
  27. ^ WCF
  28. ^ Reflection
  29. ^ Source generators
  30. ^ Guan
  31. ^ NetPrints
  32. ^ RulesEngine
  33. ^ Clojure - Concurrent Programming
  34. ^ Clojure - core.async
  35. ^ Clojure - Functional Programming
  36. ^ Clojure - Macros
  37. ^ Clojure - core.logic
  38. ^ Clojure - Threading Macros Guide
  39. ^ Multimethods and Hierarchies
  40. ^ Agents and Asynchronous Actions
  41. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."concurrency". CLiki.
  42. ^ [1] constraint programming inside CL through extensions
  43. ^ [2] dataflow extension
  44. ^ [3] by creating DSLs using the built-in metaprogramming; also see note on functional, constraint and logic paradigms, which are part of declarative
  45. ^ [4] MPI, etc via language extensions
  46. ^ template metaprogramming using macros (see C++)
  47. ^ [5] [6] [7] Prolog implemented as a language extension
  48. ^ Common Lisp Object System see Wikipedia article on CLOS, the Common Lisp Object System.
  49. ^ implemented by the user via a short macro, example of implementation
  50. ^ - Visual programming tool based on Common Lisp
  51. ^ [8] rule-based programming extension
  52. ^ [9] Script error: No such module "webarchive". through the Meta Object Protocol
  53. ^ D Language Feature Table
  54. ^ Phobos std.algorithm
  55. ^ D language String Mixins
  56. ^ The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.
  57. ^ Object-Oriented Programming in JavaScript Script error: No such module "webarchive". gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.
  58. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."React – A JavaScript library for building user interfaces". 2019-04-08.
  59. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."TNG-Hooks". GitHub. 2019-04-08.
  60. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Lodash documentation". 2019-04-08.
  61. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."mori". 2019-04-08.
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  69. ^ https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=331 JSR 331: Constraint Programming API
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  74. ^ https://github.com/davidanthoff/Query.jl Query almost anything in julia
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  89. ^ Higher Order Perl
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  106. ^ The Rosette Guide
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  109. ^ Lazy Racket
  110. ^ Channels and other mechanisms
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References

  • Jim Coplien, Multiparadigm Design for C++, Addison-Wesley Professional, 1998.

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