Rade language

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Rade
Klei Êđê
Native toVietnam
EthnicityRade
Native speakers
180,000 in Vietnam (2007)[1]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
rad – Rade
ibh – Bih
Glottolograde1240  Rade
biha1246  Bih
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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Rade (Rhade; Rade: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Langx or Script error: No such module "Lang".) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[2]

Classification

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.

  • Area 1
    • Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
    • Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
    • Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
  • Area 2
    • Mdhur
    • Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.

  • Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
  • Kpă – Adham: 82%
  • Kpă – Ktul: 82%
  • Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
  • Kpă – Blô: 82%
  • Kpă – Êpan: 85%
  • Kpă – Drao: 81%
  • Kpă – Bih: 73%

Dialects

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)[3] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[5]

A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[6]

Phonology

The spelling is shown in italics.

Consonants

Rade consonantsLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ñ /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/
Stop voiceless p /p/ t /t/ č /c/ k /k/ /ʔ/
aspirated ph /pʰ/ th /tʰ/ čh /cʰ/ kh /kʰ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ j /ɟ/ g /ɡ/
implosive ƀ /ɓ/ đ /ɗ/ dj /ʄ/
Fricative s /s/ h /h/
Approximant w /w/ l /l/ y /j/
Rhotic r /r/
  • The voiced implosives Script error: No such module "IPA". are also described as "preglottalized stops" (Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[a]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • According to Template:Harvcoltxt:
    • Script error: No such module "IPA". is as an affricate Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[b]
    • Script error: No such module "IPA". are dental (Script error: No such module "IPA".).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
    • Script error: No such module "IPA". has slight friction (Script error: No such module "IPA".).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
    • There is an optional schwa between the bilabial plosives Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".. Thus pra "scaffold" is pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
    • Script error: No such module "IPA". is weakened before most consonants, except before the liquids Script error: No such module "IPA". where there may be a schwa. Compare mčah "broken" Script error: No such module "IPA". and mla "tusk" Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • When other consonants is followed by Script error: No such module "IPA"., there may be a schwa or coarticulation. Compare trah "to fish" Script error: No such module "IPA"., tlao "to laugh" Script error: No such module "IPA"., dlao "to scold" Script error: No such module "IPA"., dhan "branch" Script error: No such module "IPA"., jhat "bad" Script error: No such module "IPA"., ghang "to roast" Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". can also be heard as a more bilabial Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Glottalized final consonant sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". are heard only in final position.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Vowels

Rade vowels
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High ĭ /i/ i /iː/ ư̆ /ɨ/ ư /ɨː/ ŭ /u/ u /uː/
Mid ê̆ /e/ ê /eː/ ơ̆ /ə/ ơ /əː/ ô̆ /o/ ô /oː/
Low ĕ /ɛ/ e /ɛː/ ă /a/ a /aː/ ŏ /ɔ/ o /ɔː/
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". are central (respectively Script error: No such module "IPA".).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Vocabulary

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  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – the most senior in age and authority
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">clarification needed]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – you
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – husband
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – her/him
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – they
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – we
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – love
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – hate
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – younger sibling
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – mom/mother
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – grandma/grandmother
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – grandma/grandfather
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – father, dad daddy
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – ugly, bad
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – pretty
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – beautiful girl
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – good
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – love
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – give
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – true
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – go
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – I/me
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – name
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – country
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – want/like
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – God
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – speak
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – language
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – rice porridge
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – fat
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – skinny
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – black
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – to be from
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – from
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – America
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – Cambodia
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – person
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – learn
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – sound of displeasure/pain
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – Buôn Ma Thuột (city)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – type/write
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – English
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – Rade/Ede
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – A lot
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". – French
  • Script error: No such module "Lang".-crazy

Notes

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  1. ^ The author used the term "tiền thanh hầu hóa," which literally translates to "preglottalization." However, he also used "tiền tắc họng hóa," with the IPA glottalization symbol Script error: No such module "IPA". in reference to the allophonic realizations of the plain stops Script error: No such module "IPA".. The phonetic description of Script error: No such module "IPA". includes a lowering of the glottis ("hạ thấp thanh hầu") prior to a stop closure, which is consistent with implosives. The author also listed a velar implosive transcribed with the letter g with a crossbar.
  2. ^ The author acknowledged the phonetic realization as an affricate ("tắc-xát"), but still treated it as a single phonological stop ("tắc").

References

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  1. ^ Rade at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Rade (klei Êđê)". Omniglot.
  3. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1998). Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê [Vocabulary of Rade Dialects] (in Tiếng Việt). Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/12996.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nguyen, Tam (2015). Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Phâm, Côn Sơn (2005). Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ (in Tiếng Việt). Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.

Further reading

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  • Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1993). Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê [Rade Phonetics] (Thesis) (in Tiếng Việt). Hanoi.
  • Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (2012). Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê [Ede Grammar] (in Tiếng Việt). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam.
  • Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (1993). Từ điển Việt – Êđê [Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary] (in Tiếng Việt). Đăk Lăk: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
  • Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Linh, Nga Niê Kdam (2013). Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk [Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak] (in Tiếng Việt). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại. ISBN 978-604-930-599-3.
  • Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tharp, James A.; Buon-ya, Y.-Bham (1980). A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist. Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C58. hdl:1885/144435. ISBN 978-0-85883-217-6.

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Rade language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

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