Sejo of Joseon
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| Sejo | |||||||||||||||||
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| King of Joseon | |||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 4 July 1455 – 1 October 1468 | ||||||||||||||||
| Enthronement | 3 August 1455 Geunjeongjeon Hall, Gyeongbokgung | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Danjong | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Yejong | ||||||||||||||||
| King Emeritus of Joseon | |||||||||||||||||
| Tenure | 1 – 2 October 1468 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Danjong | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Jungjong | ||||||||||||||||
| Chief State Councilor | |||||||||||||||||
| In Office | 20 November 1453 – 4 July 1455 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Hwangbo In | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Chŏng Inji | ||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Danjong | ||||||||||||||||
| Born | Script error: No such module "person date". Hanseong, Joseon | ||||||||||||||||
| Died | Script error: No such module "person date". Suganggung, Hanseong, Joseon | ||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Gwangneung, Namyangju, South Korea | ||||||||||||||||
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| Clan | Jeonju Yi | ||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Yi | ||||||||||||||||
| Father | King Sejong | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Queen Soheon | ||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Korean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism) → Korean Buddhism | ||||||||||||||||
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Sejo (Korean: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Hanja: Script error: No such module "Lang".; 11 November 1417 – 2 October 1468),[c] personal name Yi Yu, sometimes known as Grand Prince Suyang, was the seventh monarch of Joseon. He was the second son of Sejong the Great and the uncle of King Danjong, whom he forced to abdicate in 1455, after having previously led a coup d'état against him two years earlier. In his quest to seize power he ruthlessly killed rivals, including his younger brothers, Grand Prince Anpyeong and Grand Prince Geumseong. However, during his reign, he reformed administration, led campaigns against the Jurchens, revised land laws, promoted literature, and established court music. His Kyŏngguk Taejŏn became Joseon's foundational legal framework.
Biography
Early life
Born in 1417 as the fourth child and second son of Grand Prince Chungnyeong (future King Sejong) by his primary wife, Lady Sim of the Cheongsong Sim clan (future Queen Soheon), he showed great ability at archery, horse riding and martial arts, and was also a brilliant military commander, though he never went to the battlefront himself. He also possessed musical talent, which delighted his father, who claimed that the prince could achieve many great things if he put his mind to it.[1] In 1428, he received the title Grand Prince Suyang by which he is better known.
Rise to power
Following the death of King Sejong in 1450, Suyang's ill brother, Yi Hyang (later known as King Munjong), took the throne but died two years later, and the crown passed to his 12-year-old son, Yi Hongwi (posthumously named King Danjong).[2] The new monarch was too young to rule the nation, and the government was controlled by Chief State Councillor Hwangbo In and General Kim Chongsŏ, who was the Left State Councillor. As Kim Chongsŏ and his faction used the chance to extend the power of court officials against royal family members, the tension between him and Suyang greatly increased not only Suyang himself, but his younger brother, Grand Prince Anpyeong, also sought an opportunity to take control of the country.[3]
In order to court the support of the Ming dynasty, Suyang became an ambassador in 1452. He also surrounded himself with trusted allies, including his famous tactician, Han Myŏnghoe, who advised him to take over the government in a coup. In 1453, Suyang killed Kim Chongsŏ and his faction, thereby taking the reins of power into his own hands. After the coup, he arrested his own brother, Grand Prince Anpyeong, first sending him into exile, then sentencing him to death.[3]
Reign
Finally, in 1455 Suyang forced the powerless king to abdicate, declaring himself the new ruler of Joseon (today known by the temple name "Sejo").[2]
After his younger brother Grand Prince Geumsung, and six scholars, including Sŏng Sammun, Pak P'aengnyŏn and Yi Kae, plotted to remove him from power in an attempt to put his nephew back on the throne, Suyang demoted the former king Danjong from "King Emeritus" (Sangwang, 상왕, 上王) to "Prince Nosan" (Nosan-gun, 노산군, 魯山君) and later ordered him to commit suicide by poison.
Despite having snatched the throne from his young nephew and killing many people in the process, Sejo proved himself one of the ablest rulers and administrators in Korean history. First, he continued King Taejong's legacy of strengthening the monarchy by weakening the power of the State Council and bringing the officials directly under the king's control. He also further developed the administrative system, which had also been introduced by Taejong, enabling the government to determine exact population numbers and to mobilize troops effectively (this caused Yi Si-ae's Rebellion, which he suppressed). Just like Taejong, Sejo was a hardliner concerning foreign policy and attacked the Jurchens on the northern front in 1460 (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) and 1467 (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".). He also revised the land ordinance to improve the national economy and encouraged the publication of history, economy, agriculture, and religion books.
Sejo himself compiled a number of books based on his interests. One of them is Seokbosangjeol, a biography of Gautama Buddha.[4] The others are Worinseokbo (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Yeokdaebyeongyo (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".). One of his crowning achievements was the cultural progress Joseon made during his reign, such as the establishment of Jongmyo court music.[1] His father, King Sejong, had always wanted to use Korean music rather than Chinese music for ancestral ritual, but conservative court officials thought that Chinese music was far superior to Korean music and stopped Sejong's efforts. However, when King Sejo rose to the throne, he modified the ritual music composed by his father and used it for royal ancestral rituals, which is now inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage for Humanity.[1]
Most importantly, he compiled the Grand Code for State Administration, which became the cornerstone of dynastic administration and provided the first form of written constitutional law in Korea.
Death
Sejo died in 1468, and the throne passed to his sickly second son, Yi Hwang (Yejong of Joseon). His tomb is known as Gwangneung (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and is located in Namyangju, South Korea.
Family
Parents
- Father: King Sejong of Joseon (15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450)
- Grandfather: King Taejong of Joseon (13 June 1367 – 30 May 1422)
- Grandmother: Queen Wongyeong of the Yeoheung Min clan (29 July 1365 – 18 August 1420)
- Mother: Queen Soheon of the Cheongsong Shim clan (12 October 1395 – 19 April 1446)
- Grandfather: Sim On (1375 – 18 January 1419)
- Grandmother: Lady An of the Sunheung An clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1373–1444)
Consorts and issue
- Queen Jeonghui of the Papyeong Yun clan (8 December 1418 – 6 May 1483)
- Yi Sehŭi, Princess Uiryeong (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1437–?), first daughter[d] — Disputed.
- Yi Chang, Crown Prince Uigyeong (1438 – 2 September 1457), first son
- Princess Uisuk (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1441 – 15 January 1478), second daughter
- Yi Hwang, Grand Prince Haeyang (14 January 1450 – 31 December 1469), third son
- Royal Noble Consort Geun of the Seonsan Pak clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1425–1504)
- Yi Sŏ, Prince Deokwon (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 7 April 1449 – 18 August 1498), second son
- Yi Sŏng, Prince Changwon (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1458 – 14 September 1505), fourth son
- Deposed Royal Consort So-yong of the Pak clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1417 – 3 October 1465)
- Yi Aji (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1459–1463), fifth son
- Royal Consort Suk-won of the Goryeong Sin clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1455 – ?)
Ancestry
In popular culture
Sejo was a prominent character in The Ume Tree in the Midst of the Snow (Script error: No such module "Lang".), the third installment of MBC's monumental series 500 Years of Joseon Dynasty. Moon Ki-hoon of The Korean Herald labelled the depiction "a creative betrayal of the historical record", arguing that it attempted to rehabilitate Sejo's status as an usurper. Moon linked the depiction to political coercion from president Chun Doo-hwan, who gained his position from a coup in 1979.[5]
The 2026 film The King's Warden depicts Danjong's exile and death. Though Sejo is not seen onscreen, the popularity of the film led to Sejo's royal tomb being review-bombed on several navigation apps.[5]
- Portrayed by Kim Al-eum in the 1983 MBC TV series The King of Chudong Palace.
- Portrayed by Nam Sung-woo in the 1984–1985 MBC TV series 500 Years of Joseon Dynasty: The Ume Tree in the Midst of the Snow.
- Portrayed by Seo In-seok in the 1994 KBS2 TV series Han Myung-hoi.
- Portrayed by Im Dong-jin in the 1998–2000 KBS1 TV series The King and Queen.
- Portrayed by Choi Bong-sik in the 2007 KBS2 TV series Sayuksin.
- Portrayed by Kim Byung-se in the 2007–2008 SBS TV series The King and I.
- Portrayed by Kim Yeong-cheol in the 2011 KBS2 TV series The Princess' Man.
- Portrayed by Kim Young-ho in the 2011 JTBC TV series Insu, the Queen Mother.
- Portrayed by Lee Jung-jae in the 2013 film The Face Reader.
- Portrayed by Go Young-bin in the 2016 KBS1 TV series Jang Yeong-sil.
- Portrayed by Park Hee-soon in the 2019 film Jesters: The Game Changers.
- Portrayed by Kim Nam-gil in the 2026 film Canvas of Blood.
See also
Notes
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- ^ From 1445 to 1455. Previously, Grand Prince Jinpyeong (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) from 1428 to 1433; Grand Prince Hampyeong (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) in 1433; and Grand Prince Jinyang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) from 1433 to 1445.
- ^ Gyeongtae (Jingtai) (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".): 1455–1457
Cheonsun (Tianshun) (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".): 1457–1464
Seonghwa (Chenghua) (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".): 1465–1468 - ^ In the Korean calendar (lunisolar), he was born on the 24th day of the 9th lunar month and died on the 8th day of the 9th lunar month.
- ^ She is only mentioned in an unofficial history (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) called Kŭmgye p'ildam (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) written in 1873 by Sŏ Yuyŏng (Script error: No such module "Lang".). The sole reference at her existence in an official document is a passage from the Annals of the Joseon dynasty, where Grand Prince Suyang (as Sejo was still known at the time) is recorded as having "one son and two daughters" [Sejong Sillok, year 28].
References
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- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."King Sejo and Music". KBS World. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.An, Seung-jun (11 March 2014). "Forgotten story of Princess Gyeonghye". Korea Times. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.세조. terms.naver.com (in 한국어). Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Life History and Sermon of Buddha Abstracted from Buddhist Scriptures". World Digital Library. 1447. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ki-hoon, Moon (12 March 2026). "The people's king: How "The King's Warden" became Korea's biggest film in years". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
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