Wolfram Mathematica

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Wolfram Mathematica
[[Programmer|DeveloperTemplate:Pluralize from text]]Wolfram Research
Initial releaseJune 23, 1988; 38 years ago (1988-06-23)[1]
Template:Infobox software/simple
Written inWolfram Language,[2] C/C++, Java[3]
PlatformWindows,[4] macOS, Linux (includes separated support for Raspberry Pi OS on Raspberry Pi[5]), online service. All platforms support 64-bit implementations.[6] (list)
Available inEnglish, Chinese, Japanese
TypeComputer algebra, numerical computations, information visualization, statistics, user interface creation
LicenseProprietary
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Wolfram Mathematica (also known as Mathematica) is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allows machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimization, plotting functions and various types of data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other programming languages. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram, and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois.[7][8] The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica.[9] Mathematica 1.0 was released on June 23, 1988 in Champaign, Illinois and Santa Clara, California.[10][11][12] Mathematica's Wolfram Language is fundamentally based on Lisp[citation needed]; for example, the Mathematica command Most is identically equal to the Lisp command butlast.

Notebook interface

Mathematica is split into two parts: the kernel and the front end. The kernel interprets expressions (Wolfram Language code) and returns result expressions, which can then be displayed by the front end.

The original front end, designed by Theodore Gray[13] in 1988, consists of a notebook interface and allows the creation and editing of notebook documents that can contain code, plaintext, images, and graphics.[14]

Code development is also supported through support in a range of standard integrated development environment (IDE) including Eclipse,[15] IntelliJ IDEA,[16] Atom, Vim, Visual Studio Code and Git. The Mathematica Kernel also includes a command line front end.[17]

Other interfaces include JMath,[18] based on GNU Readline and WolframScript[19] which runs self-contained Mathematica programs (with arguments) from the UNIX command line.

High-performance computing

Capabilities for high-performance computing were extended with the introduction of packed arrays in version 4 (1999)[20] and sparse matrices (version 5, 2003),[21] and by adopting the GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library to evaluate high-precision arithmetic.

Version 5.2 (2005) added automatic multi-threading when computations are performed on multi-core computers.[22] This release included CPU-specific optimized libraries.[23] In addition Mathematica is supported by third party specialist acceleration hardware such as ClearSpeed.[24]

In 2002, gridMathematica was introduced to allow user level parallel programming on heterogeneous clusters and multiprocessor systems[25] and in 2008 parallel computing technology was included in all Mathematica licenses including support for grid technology such as Windows HPC Server 2008, Microsoft Compute Cluster Server and Sun Grid.

Support for CUDA and OpenCL GPU hardware was added in 2010.[26]

Extensions

As of Version 14, there are 6,602 built-in functions and symbols in the Wolfram Language.[27] Stephen Wolfram announced the launch of the Wolfram Function Repository in June 2019 as a way for the public Wolfram community to contribute functionality to the Wolfram Language.[28] There are currently more than 3000 functions contributed as Resource Functions.[29] In addition to the Wolfram Function Repository, there is a Wolfram Data Repository with computable data and the Wolfram Neural Net Repository for machine learning.[30]

Wolfram Mathematica is the basis of the Combinatorica package, which adds discrete mathematics functionality in combinatorics and graph theory to the program.[31]

Connections to other applications, programming languages, and services

Communication with other applications can be done using a protocol called Wolfram Symbolic Transfer Protocol (WSTP). It allows communication between the Wolfram Mathematica kernel and the front end and provides a general interface between the kernel and other applications.[32]

Wolfram Research freely distributes a developer kit for linking applications written in the programming language C to the Mathematica kernel through WSTP using J/Link.,[33] a Java program that can ask Mathematica to perform computations. Similar functionality is achieved with .NET /Link,[34] but with .NET programs instead of Java programs.

Other languages that connect to Mathematica include Haskell,[35] AppleScript,[36] Racket,[37] Visual Basic,[38] Python,[39][40] and Clojure.[41]

Mathematica supports the generation and execution of Modelica models for systems modeling and connects with Wolfram System Modeler.

Links are also available to many third-party software packages and APIs.[42]

Mathematica can also capture real-time data from a variety of sources[43] and can read and write to public blockchains (Bitcoin, Ethereum, and ARK).[44]

It supports import and export of over 220 data, image, video, sound, computer-aided design (CAD), geographic information systems (GIS),[45] document, and biomedical formats.

In 2019, support was added for compiling Wolfram Language code to LLVM.[46]

Version 12.3 of the Wolfram Language added support for Arduino.[47]

Computable data

Mathematica is also integrated with Wolfram Alpha, an online answer engine that provides additional data, some of which is kept updated in real time, for users who use Mathematica with an internet connection. Some of the data sets include astronomical, chemical, geopolitical, language, biomedical, airplane, and weather data, in addition to mathematical data (such as knots and polyhedra).[48]

Reception

BYTE in 1989 listed Mathematica as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards, stating that it "is another breakthrough Macintosh application ... it could enable you to absorb the algebra and calculus that seemed impossible to comprehend from a textbook".[49]

Mathematica has been criticized for being closed source.[50] Wolfram Research claims keeping Mathematica closed source is central to its business model and the continuity of the software.[51][52]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wolfram, Stephen (23 Jun 2008), Mathematica Turns 20 Today, Wolfram, retrieved 16 May 2012
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Celebrating Mathematica's First Quarter Century". 23 June 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  3. ^ The Software Engineering of Mathematica—Wolfram Mathematica 9 Documentation Script error: No such module "webarchive".. Reference.wolfram.com. Retrieved on 2015-03-23.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mathematica 12 System Requirements and Platform Availability". Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  5. ^ Raspberry Pi Includes Mathematica for Free Script error: No such module "webarchive". The Verge
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Wolfram Mathematica". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Stephen Wolfram: Simple Solutions; The iconoclastic physicist's Mathematica software nails complex puzzles". BusinessWeek. October 3, 2005. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Contact Wolfram Research". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Stephen Wolfram's new programming language: Can he make the world computable?". Slate Magazine. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mathematica—Three Decades of Contributions, Invention, Discovery, and Education". www.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Celebrating a Third of a Century of Mathematica, and Looking Forward—Stephen Wolfram Writings". writings.stephenwolfram.com. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."There Was a Time before Mathematica…—Stephen Wolfram Writings". writings.stephenwolfram.com. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  13. ^ Patent US8407580 Google Patent Search
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hayes, Brian (1990-01-01). "Thoughts on Mathematica" (PDF). Pixel. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-15.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Wolfram intros Workbench IDE for Mathematica". Macworld. 21 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mathematica plugin for IntelliJ IDEA".
  17. ^ Using a Text-Based Interface Script error: No such module "webarchive". documentation at wolfram.com
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."JMath: A GNU Readline based frontend for Mathematica". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Directory listing". Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  20. ^ Math software packs new power; new programs automate such tedious processes as solving nonlinear differential equations and converting units by Agnes Shanley, Chemical Engineering, March 1, 2002.
  21. ^ Mathematica 5.1: additional features make software well-suited for operations research professionals Script error: No such module "webarchive". by ManMohan S. Sodhi, OR/MS Today, December 1, 2004.
  22. ^ The 21st annual Editors' Choice Awards Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Macworld, February 1, 2006.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mathematica is tuned to take advantage of CPU features when available". Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ClearSpeed Advance Accelerator Boards Certified by Wolfram Research; Math Coprocessors Enable Mathematica Users to Quadruple Performance". Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  25. ^ gridMathematica offers parallel computing solution Script error: No such module "webarchive". by Dennis Sellers, MacWorld, November 20, 2002.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."CUDA and OpenCL support added in Mathematica 8". Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Story Continues: Announcing Version 14 of Wolfram Language and Mathematica". writings.stephenwolfram.com. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Wolfram Function Repository: Launching an Open Platform for Extending the Wolfram Language—Stephen Wolfram Writings". writings.stephenwolfram.com. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Alphabetic listing of Wolfram Resource Functions". 20 August 2025. Retrieved 2025-08-20.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Launching the Wolfram Data Repository: Data Publishing that Really Works—Stephen Wolfram Writings". writings.stephenwolfram.com. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Skiena, Steven (2003). Computational Discrete Mathematics: Combinatorics and Graph Theory with Mathematica. Cambridge University Press.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Wolfram Symbolic Transfer Protocol (WSTP)".
  33. ^ Mathematica 4.2 Script error: No such module "webarchive". by Charles Seiter, Macworld, November 1, 2002.
  34. ^ .NET/Link Script error: No such module "webarchive".: .NET/Link is a toolkit that integrates Mathematica and the Microsoft .NET Framework.
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  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.S.Kratky. "MathLink for AppleScript". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
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  39. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."erocarrera/pythonika". GitHub. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
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  43. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Vernier and Mathematica". Archived from the original on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
  44. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Working with blockchains". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
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  49. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The BYTE Awards". BYTE. January 1989. p. 327.
  50. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Paul Romer". paulromer.net. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
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