Bopomofo

Bopomofo
The word "encyclopedia" (bǎikē quánshū) written in bopomofo (b-ai k-e q-u-an sh-u)
Script type	Semisyllabary with diacritics for tones
Creator	Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation Introduced by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China
Period	Mainland China (1918–1958) Xiandai Hanyu Cidian (Template:Nwr; as a supplement to Hanyu Pinyin) Taiwan (1945–present)
Direction
Related scripts
Parent systems	Oracle bone script Seal script Clerical script Han script Bopomofo
Child systems	Cantonese bopomofo, Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols, Suzhou Phonetic Symbols, Hmu Phonetic Symbols, Matsu Fuchounese bopomofo
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Bopo (285), ​Bopomofo
Unicode
Unicode alias	Bopomofo
Unicode range	Template:Ubli

Mandarin Phonetic Symbols

Bopomofo, also called Zhuyin Fuhao (/dʒuːˌjɪn fuːˈhaʊ/ ; Template:Zhi), or simply Zhuyin, is a transliteration system for Standard Chinese and other Sinitic languages. It is the principal method of teaching Mandarin pronunciation in Taiwan. It consists of 37 characters and five tone marks, which together can transcribe all possible sounds in Mandarin Chinese.

Bopomofo was first introduced in China during the 1910s by the Beiyang government, where it was used alongside Wade–Giles, a romanization system which used a modified Latin alphabet. Today, Bopomofo is more common in Taiwan than on the mainland, and is used as the primary electronic input method for Taiwanese Mandarin, as well as in dictionaries and other non-official documents.

Terminology

Bopomofo is the name used for the system by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Unicode. Analogous to how the word alphabet is derived from the names of the first two letters in the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta, the name bopomofo derives from the first four syllabographs in the system's conventional consonant order: , , , and .

In Taiwan, the system is commonly known by its official name Template:Zhp, or simply as Template:Zhp. In official documents, it is occasionally called Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I (Template:Zhi), abbreviated as Template:Zht, to distinguish it from the Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (MPS II) system published in 1984. Formerly, the system was named Template:Zhp and Template:Zhp.

History

Origins

The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, led by Wu Zhihui from 1912 to 1913, created a system called Zhuyin Zimu, which was based on Zhang Binglin's shorthand. It was used as the official phonetic script to annotate the sounds of the characters in accordance with the Old National Pronunciation. A draft was released on 11 July 1913, by the Republic of China National Ministry of Education, but it was not officially proclaimed until 23 November 1928. It was first named 'national pronunciation alphabet', but in April 1930 was renamed 'phonetic symbols' to address fears that the alphabetic system might independently replace Chinese characters.

Modern use

File:CADAL11100176 注音漢字.djvu

A guide on how to typeset Bopomofo alongside characters. (1936, Li Jinxi)

Bopomofo is the predominant phonetic system in teaching reading and writing in elementary school in Taiwan. In elementary school, particularly in the lower years, Chinese characters in textbooks are often annotated with Bopomofo as ruby characters as an aid to learning. Additionally, one children's newspaper in Taiwan, the Mandarin Daily News, annotates all articles with Bopomofo ruby characters.

It is also the most popular way for Taiwanese to enter Chinese characters into computers and smartphones and to look up characters in a dictionary.

In teaching Mandarin, Taiwan institutions and some overseas communities, such as Filipino Chinese, use Bopomofo.

Bopomofo is shown in a position secondary to that of Hanyu Pinyin in all editions of Xiandai Hanyu Cidian from the 1960 edition to the current 2016 edition (7th edition).

Bopomofo is also used to transcribe other Chinese languages, most commonly Taiwanese Hokkien and Cantonese; however, its use can be applied to practically any variety in handwriting (because not all letters are encoded). Outside of Chinese, Bopomofo letters are also used in Hmu and Ge languages by a small number of Hmu Christians.

Symbols

File:國音字母.jpg

Table of Bopomofo, with romanization given in Gwoyeu Romatzyh

File:Bopomofo in Regular, Handwritten Regular & Cursive formats.jpg

Bopomofo in Regular, Handwritten Regular & Cursive formats

The Bopomofo characters were created by Zhang Binglin, taken mainly from "regularized" forms of ancient Chinese characters, the modern readings of which contain the sound that each letter represents. The consonants are listed in order of place of articulation, from the front of the mouth to the back, , , , , , , , , etc.

Origin of bopomofo symbols

Consonants

Bopomofo	Origin	IPA	Pinyin	WG	Example
	From Template:Wikt-lang, the ancient form and current top portion of Template:Wikt-lang , "to wrap up; package"	p˭	b	p
	From Template:Wikt-lang, a variant form of Template:Wikt-lang , "to knock lightly".	pʰ	p	pʻ
	From Template:Wikt-lang, the archaic character and current "cover" radical  .	m	m	m
	From the "right open box" radical Template:Wikt-lang .	f	f	f
	From Template:Wikt-lang, a simplification of Template:Wikt-lang , "ten thousand". No longer used in Mandarin transcription.	v	—Template:Screen reader-only	v	()
	From Template:Wikt-lang, archaic form of Template:Wikt-lang , "blade". Compare the Shuowen seal File:刀-seal.svg.	t˭	d	t
	From Template:Wikt-lang , an upside-down form of Template:Wikt-lang  and an ancient form of Template:Wikt-lang  (File:Shuowen Seal Radical 528.svg and File:Shuowen Seal Radical 525.svg in seal script)	tʰ	t	tʻ
	From File:乃-seal.svg/Template:Wikt-lang, ancient form of Template:Wikt-lang , "to be" (a copula in Classical Chinese).	n	n	n
	From Template:Wikt-lang, archaic form of Template:Wikt-lang , "power".	l	l	l
	From the obsolete character Template:Wikt-lang /, "ditch".	k˭	g	k
	From the archaic character, now "breath" or "sigh" component Template:Wikt-lang .	kʰ	k	kʻ
	From Template:Wikt-lang , "towering". No longer used in Mandarin transcription.	ŋ	ng	ng	()
	From the archaic character and current radical Template:Wikt-lang .	x~h	h	h
	From the archaic character Template:Wikt-lang .	tɕ˭	j	ch
	From the archaic character Template:Wikt-lang , graphic root of the character chuān, "river" (modern ).	tɕʰ	q	chʻ
	From the archaic character Template:Wikt-lang , "dotted cliff". Not used in Mandarin anymore.	ɲ	gn	gn	()
	From Template:Wikt-lang, an ancient form of Template:Wikt-lang , "under".	ɕ	x	hs
	From File:之-seal.svg/Template:Wikt-lang, archaic form of Template:Wikt-lang , a genitive marker in Classical Chinese.	ʈʂ˭	zhi, zh-	ch	;
	From the character and radical Template:Wikt-lang	ʈʂʰ	chi, ch-	chʻ	;
	From Template:Wikt-lang, an ancient form of Template:Wikt-lang	ʂ	shi, sh-	sh	shì ; shù
	Modified from the seal script File:日-seal.svg form of Template:Wikt-lang , "day" or "sun".	ɻ~ʐ	ri, r-	j	;
	From the archaic character and current radical Template:Wikt-lang , dialectically (; Template:Zh-no-labels in Wade–Giles)	ts˭	zi, z-	ts	;
	From Template:Wikt-lang, archaic form of Template:Wikt-lang , dialectically (; Template:Zh-no-labels in Wade–Giles). Compare semi-cursive form File:Qi1 seven semicursive.png and seal-script File:七-seal.svg.	tsʰ	ci, c-	tsʻ	;
	From the archaic character Template:Wikt-lang , which was later replaced by its compound Template:Wikt-lang .	s	si, s-	s	;

Rhymes and medials

Bopomofo	Origin	IPA	Pinyin	WG	Example
	From Template:Wikt-lang	a	a	a
	From the obsolete character Template:Wikt-lang , inhalation, the reverse of Template:Wikt-lang , which is preserved as a phonetic in the compound Template:Wikt-lang .	o	o	o
	Derived from its allophone in Standard Chinese, Template:Wikt-lang	ɤ	e	o/ê
	From Template:Wikt-lang , "also". Compare the Warring States bamboo form File:Ye3 also chu3jian3 warring state of chu3 small.png	e	-ie/ê	eh
	From Template:Wikt-lang , archaic form of Template:Wikt-lang.		ai	ai
	From Template:Wikt-lang , an obsolete character meaning  , "to move".		ei	ei
	From Template:Wikt-lang		ao	ao
	From Template:Wikt-lang		ou	ou
	From the archaic character Template:Wikt-lang  "to bloom", preserved as a phonetic in the compound		an	an
	From Template:Wikt-lang, archaic variant of Template:Wikt-lang  or Template:Wikt-lang  ( is   according to other sources)		en	ên
	From Template:Wikt-lang		ang	ang
	From Template:Wikt-lang, archaic form of Template:Wikt-lang		eng	êng
	From Template:Wikt-lang, the bottom portion of   used as a cursive and simplified form		er	êrh
File:Bpmf-i.svg	From Template:Wikt-lang , "one"	i	y, yi, -i	i	; nì
	From Template:Wikt-lang, ancient form of  , "five". Compare the transitory form .	u	w, wu, -u	u/w	;   ㄨㄛˇ
	From the ancient character Template:Wikt-lang	y	yu, -ü	ü/yü	;
File:MoeKai Bopomofo U+312D.svg	From the character Template:Wikt-lang. It represents the fricative vowel of ，，，，，，，though it is not used after them in transcription.	ɻ̩~ʐ̩, ɹ̩~z̩	-i	ih/ŭ	;   ;

Writing

Stroke order

Bopomofo is written in the same stroke order rule as Chinese characters. However, the amount of strokes can differ from the derived character and the Bopomofo character. For example, is written with three strokes, unlike the character from which it is derived (Chinese: 日; pinyin: rì), which has four strokes.

can be written as a vertical line (File:Bpmf-i2.svg) or a horizontal line (File:Bpmf-i.svg); both are accepted forms. Traditionally, it should be written as a horizontal line in vertical writing, and a vertical line in horizontal writing. The People's Republic of China almost exclusively uses horizontal writing, so the vertical form (in the rare occasion that Bopomofo is used) has become the standard form there. Language education in Taiwan generally uses vertical writing, so most people learn it as a horizontal line, and use a horizontal form even in horizontal writing. In 2008, the Taiwanese Ministry of Education decided that the primary form should always be the horizontal form, but that the vertical form is an accepted alternative. Unicode 8.0.0 published an errata in 2014 that updates the representative glyph to be the horizontal form. Computer fonts may only display one form or the other, or may be able to display both if the font is aware of changes needed for vertical writing.

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Bopomofo is occasionally unofficially handwritten as syllable blocks, similar to Hangul, however this is not considered an accepted form by the People's Republic of China nor the Republic of China, and it is unsupported by Unicode.

Tonal marks

As shown in the following table, tone marks for the second, third, and fourth tones are shared between bopomofo and pinyin. In bopomofo, the mark for first tone is usually omitted but can be included, while a dot above indicates the fifth tone (also known as the neutral tone). In pinyin, a macron (overbar) indicates the first tone, and the lack of a marker usually indicates the fifth (light) tone.

Tone	Bopomofo		Pinyin
	Tone Marker	Unicode Name	Tone Marker	Unicode Name
1	ˉ	Modifier Letter Macron (usually omitted)		Combining Macron
2	ˊ	Modifier Letter Acute Accent		Combining Acute Accent
3	ˇ	Caron		Combining Caron
4	ˋ	Modifier Letter Grave Accent		Combining Grave Accent
5	˙	Dot Above		Middle Dot (usually omitted)

Unlike Hanyu Pinyin, Bopomofo aligns well with the Chinese characters in books whose texts are printed vertically, making Bopomofo better suited for annotating the pronunciation of vertically oriented Chinese text.

When used in conjunction with Chinese characters, Bopomofo is typically placed to the right of the Chinese character vertically in both vertical print and horizontal print or to the top of the Chinese character in horizontal print (see Ruby characters).

Example

Below is an example for the word "bottle" (pinyin: píngzi):

,

or

Erhua transcription

Words rhotacized as a result of erhua are spelled with attached to the syllable (like 歌兒（ㄍㄜㄦ） ). In case the syllable uses other tones than the 1st tone, the tone mark is attached to the penultimate letter standing for syllable nucleus, but not to (e.g. 哪兒（ㄋㄚˇㄦ） ; 一（ㄧ）點兒（ㄉㄧㄢˇㄦ） ; 好（ㄏㄠˇ）玩兒（ㄨㄢˊㄦ） ).

Comparison

Pinyin

Bopomofo and pinyin are based on the same Mandarin pronunciations; hence there is a one-to-one correspondence between the two systems:

IPA and pinyin counterparts of Bopomofo finals

		Rime
			ㄚ	ㄛ	ㄜ	ㄝ	ㄞ	ㄟ	ㄠ	ㄡ	ㄢ	ㄣ	ㄤ	ㄥ	ㄦ
Medial		() 1 -i	a -a	3 o -o 3	e -e	ê	ai -ai	ei -ei	ao -ao	ou -ou	an -an	en -en	ang -ang	eng -eng	er
		yi -i	ya -ia	yo		ye -ie	yai		yao -iao	you -iu	yan -ian	yin -in	yang -iang	ying -ing
		wu -u	wa -ua	3 wo -uo 3			wai -uai	wei -ui			wan -uan	wen -un	wang -uang	weng -ong 4
		yu -ü 2				yue -üe 2					yuan -üan 2	yun -ün 2		yong -iong

¹ Not written.

² ⟨-ü⟩ is written as ⟨-u⟩ after ⟨j-⟩, ⟨q-⟩, ⟨x-⟩, or ⟨y-⟩.

³ ⟨⟩/⟨-uo⟩ is written as ⟨⟩/⟨-o⟩ after ⟨⟩/⟨b-⟩, ⟨⟩/⟨p-⟩, ⟨⟩/⟨m-⟩, ⟨⟩/⟨f-⟩.

⁴ ⟨weng⟩ is pronounced (written as ⟨-ong⟩) when it follows an initial.

Chart

Vowels a, e, o

IPA
Pinyin	a	o	ê	e	ai	ei	ao	ou	an	en	ang	eng	ong	er
Tongyong Pinyin
Wade–Giles			eh	ê/o						ên		êng	ung	êrh
Bopomofo	ㄚ	ㄛ	ㄝ	ㄜ	ㄞ	ㄟ	ㄠ	ㄡ	ㄢ	ㄣ	ㄤ	ㄥ	ㄨㄥ	ㄦ
example	阿	喔	誒	俄	艾	黑	凹	偶	安	恩	昂	冷	中	二

Vowels i, u, y

IPA
Pinyin	yi	ye	you	yan	yin	ying	yong	wu	wo/o	wei	wen	weng	yu	yue	yuan	yun
Tongyong Pinyin											wun	wong
Wade–Giles	i/yi	yeh	yu	yen			yung				wên	wêng	yü	yüeh	yüan	yün
Bopomofo	ㄧ	ㄧㄝ	ㄧㄡ	ㄧㄢ	ㄧㄣ	ㄧㄥ	ㄩㄥ	ㄨ	ㄨㄛ/ㄛ	ㄨㄟ	ㄨㄣ	ㄨㄥ	ㄩ	ㄩㄝ	ㄩㄢ	ㄩㄣ
example	一	也	又	言	音	英	用	五	我	位	文	翁	玉	月	元	雲

Non-sibilant consonants

IPA
Pinyin	b	p	m	feng	diu	dui	dun	te	nü	lü	ge	ke	he
Tongyong Pinyin				fong	diou	duei			nyu	lyu
Wade–Giles	p	pʻ		fêng	tiu	tui	tun	tʻê	nü	lü	ko	kʻo	ho
Bopomofo	ㄅ	ㄆ	ㄇ	ㄈㄥ	ㄉㄧㄡ	ㄉㄨㄟ	ㄉㄨㄣ	ㄊㄜ	ㄋㄩ	ㄌㄩ	ㄍㄜ	ㄎㄜ	ㄏㄜ
example	玻	婆	末	封	丟	兌	頓	特	女	旅	歌	可	何

Sibilant consonants

IPA
Pinyin	jian	jiong	qin	xuan	zhe	zhi	che	chi	she	shi	re	ri	ze	zuo	zi	ce	cuo	ci	se	suo	si
Tongyong Pinyin		jyong	cin	syuan	jhe	jhih		chih		shih		rih			zih			cih			sih
Wade–Giles	chien	chiung	chʻin	hsüan	chê	chih	chʻê	chʻih	shê	shih	jê	jih	tsê	tso	tzŭ	tsʻê	tsʻo	tzʻŭ	sê	so	ssŭ
Bopomofo	ㄐㄧㄢ	ㄐㄩㄥ	ㄑㄧㄣ	ㄒㄩㄢ	ㄓㄜ	ㄓ	ㄔㄜ	ㄔ	ㄕㄜ	ㄕ	ㄖㄜ	ㄖ	ㄗㄜ	ㄗㄨㄛ	ㄗ	ㄘㄜ	ㄘㄨㄛ	ㄘ	ㄙㄜ	ㄙㄨㄛ	ㄙ
example	件	囧	秦	宣	哲	之	扯	赤	社	是	惹	日	仄	左	字	策	撮	次	色	索	斯

Tones

IPA
Pinyin	mā	má	mǎ	mà	ma
Tongyong Pinyin	ma				må
Wade–Giles	ma1	ma2	ma3	ma4	ma
Bopomofo	ㄇㄚ	ㄇㄚˊ	ㄇㄚˇ	ㄇㄚˋ	˙ㄇㄚ
example (Chinese characters)	媽	麻	馬	罵	嗎

Use outside Standard Mandarin

Bopomofo symbols for non-Mandarin Chinese varieties are added to Unicode in the Bopomofo Extended block.

Three letters no longer used for Mandarin are carried over from Old National Pronunciation:

Bopomofo	IPA	GR	Pinyin
	v	v	v
	ŋ	ng	ng
	ɲ	gn	gn

Taiwanese Hokkien

In Taiwan, Bopomofo is used to teach Taiwanese Hokkien, and it is also used to transcribe it phonetically in contexts such as on storefront signs, karaoke lyrics, and film subtitles.

23 more letters were added specifically for Taiwanese Hokkien:

Bopomofo	IPA	TL	Derivation
	b	b	with voicing circle
	g	g	with voicing circle
	d͡ʑ	ji	with voicing circle
	d͡z	j	with voicing circle
		ir	and combined (?)
	ɔ	oo	from
	e	e	from
		ann	with nasal curl
		onn	with nasal curl
		enn	with nasal curl
/		inn	with nasal curl
		unn	with nasal curl
		ainn	with nasal curl
		aunn	with nasal curl
		am	and combined
		om	and combined
		ong
		m	with syllabic stroke
		ng	with syllabic stroke
	-p̚	-p	small
	-t̚	-t	small
/	-k̚	-k	small (and variant small )
		-h	small

Two tone marks were added for the additional tones: ,

Cantonese

The following letters are used in Cantonese.

Bopomofo	IPA	Jyutping
	kʷ	gw
	kʷʰ	kw
	ɵ	eo
	ɐ	a

If a syllable ends with a consonant other than or , the consonant's letter is added, then followed by a final middle dot.

is used for () (e.g. , , "to be defeated").

is used for () (e.g. , , "to follow"), and is used for () (e.g. , , "within"). Other vowels that end with use · for the final . (e.g. , , "to see").

is used for (). (e.g. , , , "cow") To transcribe (), it is written as (e.g. , , "path").

is used for both initial (as in , , ) and final (as in , , "to use").

is used for () (e.g. , , "to cook") and is used for () (e.g. 全, , "whole").

During the time when Bopomofo was proposed for Cantonese, tones were not marked.

Computer uses

Input method

File:Bopomofo.jpg

An example of a Bopomofo keypad for Taiwan

File:Keyboard layout Zhuyin.svg

A typical keyboard layout for Bopomofo on computers

Bopomofo can be used as an input method for Chinese characters. It is one of the few input methods that can be found on most modern personal computers without having to download or install any additional software. It is also one of the few input methods that can be used for inputting Chinese characters on certain cell phones.. On the QWERTY keyboard, the symbols are ordered column-wise top-down (e.g. )

Unicode

Bopomofo was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Bopomofo is U+3100–U+312F:

Bopomofo[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+310x

ㄅ

ㄆ

ㄇ

ㄈ

ㄉ

ㄊ

ㄋ

ㄌ

ㄍ

ㄎ

ㄏ

U+311x

ㄐ

ㄑ

ㄒ

ㄓ

ㄔ

ㄕ

ㄖ

ㄗ

ㄘ

ㄙ

ㄚ

ㄛ

ㄜ

ㄝ

ㄞ

ㄟ

U+312x

ㄠ

ㄡ

ㄢ

ㄣ

ㄤ

ㄥ

ㄦ

ㄧ

ㄨ

ㄩ

ㄪ

ㄫ

ㄬ

ㄭ

ㄮ

ㄯ

Notes 1.^Template:Unicode version 2.^Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Additional characters were added in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0.

The Unicode block for these additional characters, called Bopomofo Extended, is U+31A0–U+31BF:

Bopomofo Extended[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+31Ax

ㆠ

ㆡ

ㆢ

ㆣ

ㆤ

ㆥ

ㆦ

ㆧ

ㆨ

ㆩ

ㆪ

ㆫ

ㆬ

ㆭ

ㆮ

ㆯ

U+31Bx

ㆰ

ㆱ

ㆲ

ㆳ

ㆴ

ㆵ

ㆶ

ㆷ

ㆸ

ㆹ

ㆺ

ㆻ

ㆼ

ㆽ

ㆾ

ㆿ

Notes 1.^Template:Unicode version

Unicode 3.0 also added the characters U+02EA ˪ and U+02EB ˫ , in the Spacing Modifier Letters block. These two characters are now (since Unicode 6.0) classified as Bopomofo characters.

Tonal marks for bopomofo Spacing Modifier Letters
Tone	Tone Marker	Unicode	Note
1 Yin Ping (Level)	ˉ	U+02C9	Usually omitted
2 Yang Ping (Level)	ˊ	U+02CA
3 Shang (Rising)	ˇ	U+02C7
4 Qu (Departing)	ˋ	U+02CB
4a Yin Qu (Departing)		U+02EA	For Minnan and Hakka languages
4b Yang Qu (Departing)		U+02EB	For Minnan and Hakka languages
5 Qing (Neutral)	˙	U+02D9

See also

• Chinese input methods for computers
• Fanqie
• Furigana
• Hangul
• Kana
• Ruby character
• Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
• Zhuyin table

External links

• The Manual of The Phonetic Symbols of Mandarin Chinese
• Unicode reference glyphs for "bopomofo" (PDF). (69.6 KB) and "extended bopomofo" (PDF). (61.6 KB)
• Bopomofo annotations – adds inline and pop-up annotations with bopomofo pronunciation and English definitions to Chinese text or web pages.
• Mandarin Dictionary – needs Chinese font for Big5 encoding
• Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool – converts between Pinyin, Bopomofo and other phonetic systems
• Chinese Romanization Converter – converts between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems
• Bopomofo -> Wade-Giles -> Pinyin -> Word List
• NPA->IPA National Phonetic Alphabet (bopomofo) spellings of words transliterated into the International Phonetic Alphabet. The vowel values have been verified against the official IPA site. See IPA help preview, SIL International website. See IPA help preview, SIL International website. (Accessed 23 December 2010).
• Bopomofo to Pinyin converter and reverse
• bopomofo syllable chart, with Hanyu Pinyin equivalents
• Pinyin Annotator – adds bopomofo (bopomofo) or pinyin on top of any Chinese text, prompts alternative pronunciations to homonyms, has the option of exporting into OpenOffice Writer for further editing
•  – online keyboard for bopomofo which can turn it into Chinese characters
• Online Bopomofo Input Method Editor