Taxodium mucronatum

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at El Sabinal, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Natural range
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Synonyms[2]

Taxodium distichum var. mucronatum (Ten.) A.Henry
Taxodium mexicanum Carrière
Taxodium distichum var. mexicanum (Carrière) Gordon
Cuprespinnata mexicana (Carrière) J.Nelson
Taxodium huegelii C.Lawson[1]

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Taxodium mucronatum, commonly known as Montezuma bald cypress,[4] Montezuma cypress,[5] Script error: No such module "Lang".,[6] or Script error: No such module "Lang".,[5] is a tree in the family Cupressaceae. It is primarily native to Mexico and Guatemala, with a few populations in the southwestern United States.[7] Script error: No such module "Lang". is derived from the Nahuatl name for the tree, Script error: No such module "Lang"., which means 'upright drum in water'[8] or 'old man of the water'.[2]

Description

It is a large evergreen or semi-evergreen tree growing to 40 m (130 ft) tall and with a trunk of 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) diameter (occasionally much more; see below). The leaves are spirally arranged but twisted at the base to lie in two horizontal ranks, 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) long and 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) broad. The cones are ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm (0.59–0.98 in) long and 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) broad. Unlike bald cypress and pond cypress, Montezuma cypress rarely produces cypress knees from the roots.[2] Trees from the Mexican highlands achieve a notable stoutness.

One specimen, the Árbol del Tule in Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico, is the stoutest tree in the world with a diameter of 11.42 m (37.5 ft). Several other specimens from 3–6 m (9.8–19.7 ft) diameter are known. The second stoutest tree in the world is the Big Baobab, an African baobab.

Distribution and habitat

File:Montezuma Bald Cypress (Taxodium mucronatum), Rio Pilón near Villagrán, Municipality of Villagrán, Tamaulipas, Mexico (9 August 2005).jpg
Montezuma bald cypress (Taxodium mucronatum), growing on the Rio Pilón near Villagrán, Municipality of Villagrán, Tamaulipas, Mexico (9 August 2005)

Montezuma cypress is primarily a riparian tree, growing along upland riversides, but can also be found next to springs and marshes. It occurs from 300 to 2,500 m (980 to 8,200 ft), in Mexico mainly in highlands at 1,600–2,300 m (5,200–7,500 ft) in altitude. T. mucronatum is very drought-tolerant and fast-growing[9] and favors climates that are rainy throughout the year or at least with high summer rainfall.

Taxodium mucronatum is native to much of Mexico as far south as the highlands of southern Mexico.[2] Two disjunct populations exist in the United States. One is in the Rio Grande Valley of southernmost Texas, while the other is in southern New Mexico, near Las Cruces.[10][11] Within Guatemala, the tree is restricted to Huehuetenango Department.[7]

Culture

File:Árbol-del-Tule-Oaxaca-Mexico.jpg
"Árbol del Tule", in Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico

The Script error: No such module "Lang". became the national tree of Mexico in 1910.[12] The tree is sacred to the native peoples of Mexico, and is featured in the Zapotec creation myth.[13] To the Aztecs, the combined shade of an Script error: No such module "Lang". and a Script error: No such module "Lang". (Ceiba pentandra) metaphorically represented a ruler's authority.[14] According to legend,[15] Hernán Cortés wept under an ahuehuete in Popotla[16] after suffering defeat during the Battle of La Noche Triste.[17]

This plant is mentioned in the 2015 short story "Rivers" by John Keene, which reimagines the story of Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.[18]

Uses

File:Ahuehuetes en Chapultepec.jpg
An 1875 painting, Ahuehuetes en Chapultepec, by José María Velasco Gómez depicting the cypress by the lake in Chapultepec.

Montezuma cypresses have been used as ornamental trees since Pre-Columbian times. The Aztecs planted Script error: No such module "Lang". along processional paths in the gardens of Chapultepec because of its association with government.[19] Artificial islands called Script error: No such module "Lang". were formed in the shallow lakes of the Valley of Mexico by adding soil to rectangular areas enclosed by trees such as Script error: No such module "Lang".;[2] they also lined the region's canals prior to Spanish conquest.[12]

Ahuehuetes are frequently cultivated in Mexican parks and gardens. The wood is used to make house beams and furniture,.[17] The Aztecs used its resin to treat gout, ulcers, skin diseases, wounds, and toothaches. A decoction made from the bark was used as a diuretic and an emmenagogue. Pitch derived from the wood was used as a cure for bronchitis The leaves acted as a relaxant and could help reduce itching.[20] In some parts of Mexico the foliage is used to decorate church altars during religious ceremonies.[21]

John Naka, a bonsai master, donated his very first bonsai, a Montezuma cypress, to the National Bonsai and Penjing Museum of the United States. [citation needed]

A linear grove is located in the main courtyard of the Getty Center Art Museum, thriving since 1995.[22]

Hybrids

  • Taxodium × 'LaNana' (T. distichum × T. mucronatum)[23]
  • Taxodium 'Zhongshansa' (T. distichum × T. mucronatum)[24]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taxodium huegelii C.Lawson — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  2. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taxodium mucronatum". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
  3. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  4. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  5. ^ a b Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Montezuma baldcypress". Trees of Texas. Texas A&M Forest Service. Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Veblen, Thomas T. (1977). "Guatemalan Conifers". Unasylva. 29 (118). Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Andrews, James Richard (2003). Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-8061-3452-9.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Creech, David; Lijing Zhou; Yin Yunlong; Teobaldo Eguiluz-Piedra (November 2011). "Can Taxodium Be Improved?" (PDF). Arnoldia. 69 (2). Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University: 11–20. doi:10.5962/p.258700. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-25. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Melendrez, Michael Martin. "Search for the Answer". PLANTanswers.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hilaire, Rolston St. (1999). "105 Propagation of Taxodium mucronatum (Montezuma Cypress)". HortScience. 34 (3): 459. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.34.3.459D.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Debreczy, Zsolt; István Rácz (Winter 1997–1998). "El Arbol del Tule: The Ancient Giant of Oaxaca" (PDF). Arnoldia. 57 (4). Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University: 3–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-01. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taxodium mucronatum Montezuma Bald Cypress". Cal Poly Plant Conservatory. California Polytechnic State University. Archived from the original on 2010-06-18. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Haskett, Robert (2007). "Primordial Titles" (PDF). Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory, Provisional Version. University of Oregon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Did Hernán Cortés really cry at the Tree of Sorrows?". mexicanroutes.com. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Geiger, John Lewis (1874). A Peep at Mexico: Narrative of a Journey Across the Republic from the Pacific to the Gulf in December 1873 and January 1874. Trübner and Co. p. 268.
  17. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Felger, Richard Stephen; Matthew Brian Johnson; Michael Francis Wilson (2001). The Trees of Sonora, Mexico. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-512891-8.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Keene, John (2015). Counternarritives. New York: New Directions. p. 235.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Evans, Susan Toby (2007). Michel Conan W. John Kress (ed.). Botanical Progress, Horticultural Innovation and Cultural Changes. Vol. 28. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-88402-327-2.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sullivan, Janet (1994). "Taxodium mucronatum". Fire Effects Information System. United States Forest Service. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taxodium mucronatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Smaus, Robert (1997-12-14). "A Gardener's Getty". Los Angeles Times.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Creech, David. "Taxodium X 406" (PDF). SFA Gardens. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taxodium 'Zhongshansa' NANJING BEAUTY". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2017-12-10.

General references

  • Eguiluz T. 1982. Clima y Distribución del género pinus en México. Distrito Federal. Mexico.
  • Rzedowski J. 1983. Vegetación de México. Distrito Federal, Mexico.
  • Martínez, Maximinio. 1978. Catálogo de nombres vulgares y científicos de plantas mexicanas.

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  • Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taxodium mucronatum" (PDF). Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps from "Atlas of United States Trees" by Elbert L. Little Jr. (and other publications). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2009-11-27.

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