AKT2
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AKT2, also known as RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase,[1] is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKT2 gene.[2] It influences metabolite storage as part of the insulin signal transduction pathway.[1]
Function
This gene is a putative oncogene encoding a protein belonging to the AKT subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that contain SH2-like (Src homology 2-like) domains. The encoded protein is a general protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins.[3]
AKT2 has important roles in controlling glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose transport as part of the insulin signal transduction pathway.[1]
Clinical significance
The gene was shown to be amplified and overexpressed in 2 of 8 ovarian carcinoma cell lines and 2 of 15 primary ovarian tumors. Overexpression contributes to the malignant phenotype of a subset of human ductal pancreatic cancers.[3]
Mice lacking Akt2 have a normal body mass, but display a profound diabetic phenotype, indicating that Akt2 plays a key role in signal transduction downstream of the insulin receptor. Mice lacking Akt2 show worse outcome in breast cancer initiated by the large T antigen as well as the neu oncogene.[4]
Interactions
AKT2 has been shown to interact with:
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References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tsoukas MA, Mantzoros CS (January 2016). "Chapter 37 - Lipodystrophy Syndromes". In Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, de Kretser DM, Giudice LC (eds.). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 648–661.e5. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00037-8. ISBN 978-0-323-18907-1. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cheng JQ, Godwin AK, Bellacosa A, Taguchi T, Franke TF, Hamilton TC, et al. (November 1992). "AKT2, a putative oncogene encoding a member of a subfamily of protein-serine/threonine kinases, is amplified in human ovarian carcinomas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (19): 9267–9271. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.9267C. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.19.9267. PMC 50107. PMID 1409633.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Entrez Gene: AKT2 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Heron-Milhavet L, Khouya N, Fernandez A, Lamb NJ (2011). "Akt1 and Akt2: differentiating the aktion". Histology and Histopathology. 26 (5): 651–662. doi:10.14670/HH-26.651. PMID 21432781.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mitsuuchi Y, Johnson SW, Sonoda G, Tanno S, Golemis EA, Testa JR (September 1999). "Identification of a chromosome 3p14.3-21.1 gene, APPL, encoding an adaptor molecule that interacts with the oncoprotein-serine/threonine kinase AKT2". Oncogene. 18 (35): 4891–4898. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203080. PMID 10490823.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Figueroa C, Tarras S, Taylor J, Vojtek AB (November 2003). "Akt2 negatively regulates assembly of the POSH-MLK-JNK signaling complex". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (48): 47922–47927. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307357200. PMID 14504284.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Laine J, Künstle G, Obata T, Noguchi M (February 2002). "Differential regulation of Akt kinase isoforms by the members of the TCL1 oncogene family". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (5): 3743–3751. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107069200. PMID 11707444.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Laine J, Künstle G, Obata T, Sha M, Noguchi M (August 2000). "The protooncogene TCL1 is an Akt kinase coactivator". Molecular Cell. 6 (2): 395–407. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00039-3. PMID 10983986.
Further reading
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jones PF, Jakubowicz T, Hemmings BA (1992). "Molecular cloning of a second form of rac protein kinase". Cell Regulation. 2 (12): 1001–1009. doi:10.1091/mbc.2.12.1001. PMC 361900. PMID 1801921.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.SP S (1987). "Molecular cloning of the akt oncogene and its human homologues AKT1 and AKT2: amplification of AKT1 in a primary human gastric adenocarcinoma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (14): 5034–5037. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.5034S. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.14.5034. PMC 305241. PMID 3037531.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cheng JQ, Ruggeri B, Klein WM, Sonoda G, Altomare DA, Watson DK, et al. (1996). "Amplification of AKT2 in human pancreatic cells and inhibition of AKT2 expression and tumorigenicity by antisense RNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (8): 3636–3641. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3636. PMC 39663. PMID 8622988.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Meier R, Alessi DR, Cron P, Andjelković M, Hemmings BA (1997). "Mitogenic activation, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of protein kinase Bbeta". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (48): 30491–30497. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.48.30491. PMID 9374542.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Borgatti P, Zauli G, Colamussi ML, Gibellini D, Previati M, Cantley LL, et al. (1998). "Extracellular HIV-1 Tat protein activates phosphatidylinositol 3- and Akt/PKB kinases in CD4+ T lymphoblastoid Jurkat cells". European Journal of Immunology. 27 (11): 2805–2811. doi:10.1002/eji.1830271110. PMID 9394803. S2CID 6303471.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Walker KS, Deak M, Paterson A, Hudson K, Cohen P, Alessi DR (1998). "Activation of protein kinase B beta and gamma isoforms by insulin in vivo and by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 in vitro: comparison with protein kinase B alpha". The Biochemical Journal. 331. ( Pt 1) (Pt 1): 299–308. doi:10.1042/bj3310299. PMC 1219352. PMID 9512493.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Joel PB, Smith J, Sturgill TW, Fisher TL, Blenis J, Lannigan DA (1998). "pp90rsk1 regulates estrogen receptor-mediated transcription through phosphorylation of Ser-167". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (4): 1978–1984. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.4.1978. PMC 121427. PMID 9528769.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Delcommenne M, Tan C, Gray V, Rue L, Woodgett J, Dedhar S (1998). "Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase-dependent regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and protein kinase B/AKT by the integrin-linked kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (19): 11211–11216. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9511211D. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.19.11211. PMC 21621. PMID 9736715.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mitsuuchi Y, Johnson SW, Sonoda G, Tanno S, Golemis EA, Testa JR (1999). "Identification of a chromosome 3p14.3-21.1 gene, APPL, encoding an adaptor molecule that interacts with the oncoprotein-serine/threonine kinase AKT2". Oncogene. 18 (35): 4891–4898. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203080. PMID 10490823.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Masure S, Haefner B, Wesselink JJ, Hoefnagel E, Mortier E, Verhasselt P, et al. (1999). "Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the human serine/threonine kinase Akt-3". European Journal of Biochemistry. 265 (1): 353–360. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00774.x. PMID 10491192.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Meucci O, Fatatis A, Simen AA, Miller RJ (2000). "Expression of CX3CR1 chemokine receptors on neurons and their role in neuronal survival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (14): 8075–8080. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8075M. doi:10.1073/pnas.090017497. PMC 16672. PMID 10869418.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Laine J, Künstle G, Obata T, Sha M, Noguchi M (2000). "The protooncogene TCL1 is an Akt kinase coactivator". Molecular Cell. 6 (2): 395–407. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00039-3. PMID 10983986.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Campbell RA, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Patel NM, Constantinidou D, Ali S, Nakshatri H (2001). "Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT-mediated activation of estrogen receptor alpha: a new model for anti-estrogen resistance". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 9817–9824. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010840200. hdl:1805/18872. PMID 11139588.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zauli G, Milani D, Mirandola P, Mazzoni M, Secchiero P, Miscia S, et al. (2001). "HIV-1 Tat protein down-regulates CREB transcription factor expression in PC12 neuronal cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/cyclic nucleoside phosphodiesterase pathway". FASEB Journal. 15 (2). Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology: 483–491. doi:10.1096/fj.00-0354com. PMID 11156964. S2CID 26315564.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kapasi AA, Fan S, Singhal PC (2001). "Role of 14-3-3epsilon, c-Myc/Max, and Akt phosphorylation in HIV-1 gp 120-induced mesangial cell proliferation". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 280 (2): F333–42. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.2.F333. PMID 11208609. S2CID 29992656.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Matsumoto M, Ogawa W, Hino Y, Furukawa K, Ono Y, Takahashi M, et al. (2001). "Inhibition of insulin-induced activation of Akt by a kinase-deficient mutant of the epsilon isozyme of protein kinase C." Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (17): 14400–14406. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011093200. PMID 11278835.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brownawell AM, Kops GJ, Macara IG, Burgering BM (2001). "Inhibition of nuclear import by protein kinase B (Akt) regulates the subcellular distribution and activity of the forkhead transcription factor AFX". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (10): 3534–3546. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.10.3534-3546.2001. PMC 100275. PMID 11313479.
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External links
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