α-Methylfentanyl
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α-Methylfentanyl (or alpha-Methylfentanyl, α-MF[1]) an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl. It is sometimes sold as "China White".
History
α-Methylfentanyl was discovered by a team at Janssen Pharmaceuticals in the 1960s.[2] In 1976, it began to appear mixed with heroin, as an additive, and the mixture was sometimes also called "China White". It was first identified in the bodies of two drug overdose victims in Orange County, California, in December 1979, who appeared to have died from opiate overdose but tested negative for any known drugs of this type.[3] Over the next year, there were 13 more deaths, and eventually the responsible agent was identified as α-methylfentanyl.[4]
α-Methylfentanyl was placed on the U.S. Schedule I list in September 1981, only two years after its appearance on the street, but already other fentanyl analogs were being developed. Following the appearance of α-methylfentanyl on the market, dozens of new fentanyl analogs have been reported, starting with para-fluorofentanyl, followed by α-methylacetylfentanyl, then by the highly potent 3-methylfentanyl, and subsequently by many others such as β-hydroxyfentanyl, ohmefentanyl, β-hydroxythiofentanyl and β-hydroxy-4-methylfentanyl.[5] The development of such a wide structural family of novel narcotic drugs was a major factor responsible for the implementation of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity rather than scheduling new drug analogs individually as each appeared.
In 1991, a group of Russian chemistry students discovered a simplified synthesis route which used phosgene instead of phenethylamine.[6] Soon, abuse of the drug became widespread, causing a tenth of overdoses in the Moscow region.
Effects
Template:Medref α-Methylfentanyl has similar effects to fentanyl. It is less potent by weight due to reduced binding affinity to its target site, but has an increased duration of action, as the α-methyl group interferes with binding to metabolic enzymes which break the drug down.
Since fentanyl itself is highly potent and notorious for causing fatal overdoses when abused, and also very short lasting with recreational users often administering doses every hour, α-methylfentanyl could have several advantages over the parent compound as a recreational drug. Side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression (namely with overdoses or improper drug-combinations, such as with benzodiazepines) which can be life-threatening.
Fentanyl analogs such as α-methylfentanyl and 3-methylfentanyl are often used as the "cut" in small amounts in normal heroin stamps and bags, making them more potent and profitable than when sold as heroin alone due to the advantage of raising the retail price and potency per unit sold.
See also
- 3-Methylbutyrfentanyl
- 3-Methylfentanyl
- 4-Fluorofentanyl
- Butyrfentanyl
- Furanylfentanyl
- List of fentanyl analogues
References
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- ^ Angy Ahmed, Sidhartha D. Ray, α-Methylfentanyl, Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Fourth Edition), Academic Press, 2024, Pages 885-889, ISBN 9780323854344, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00233-5
- ^ US Patent 3164600
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kram TC, Cooper DA, Allen AC (1981). "Behind the identification of China White". Analytical Chemistry. 53 (12): 1379A–1386A. doi:10.1021/ac00235a003. PMID 7294353.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gillespie TJ, Gandolfi AJ, Davis TP, Morano RA (1982). "Identification and quantification of alpha-methylfentanyl in post mortem specimens". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 6 (3): 139–142. doi:10.1093/jat/6.3.139. PMID 7109557.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Henderson GL. Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects (1988). "Designer drugs: Past history and future prospects". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 33 (2): 569–575. doi:10.1520/JFS11976J. PMID 3286815.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.CHAZAN, GUY (May 27, 1993). "The trade in illegal narcotics looks set to mushroom..." United Press International. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
