Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians

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Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
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Flag[1]
Regions with significant populations
File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo26,960[2][a]
Template:Country data North Macedonia3,713[3][b]
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania12,375[4][b]
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia2,831[5][c]
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro2,054[6][b]
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia172[7]
Languages
Albanian
Serbian
Macedonian
Religion
Islam and Christian [8]

The Ashkali (Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn), otherwise known as Hashkali (Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn) and/or Balkan Egyptians (Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn; Template:Langx; Template:Langx), are Albanian and Slavic-speaking and (mainly) Muslim ethnic cultural minorities (recognized communities),[8][9] which mainly inhabit Kosovo and southern Serbia,[8] as well as Albania, Montenegro, and North Macedonia.[10] Prior to the Kosovo War of 1999, the Balkan Egyptians or Ashkali people registered themselves as Albanians.[11] While some Ashkali speak Romani, Egyptians do not.[12] The two groups are not clearly delineated. Though they differ linguistically and culturally from the Roma, they have often been grouped together under the acronym RAE (Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptians).[13]

History of the Balkan Egyptians

The origins of the Balkan Egyptians are obscure, but some Balkan historians trace the origin of Balkan Egyptians to the Iron Age, citing vague references in Herodotus of the presence of Khener, an Ancient Egyptian dance group in the region. They also attribute archaeological structures in the area, notably in modern Ohrid and Bitola, as temples of the Goddess Isis, but the Mysteries of Isis was widespread in the Greco-Roman world.[14];[15] other versions are that after the Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani, Egyptian soldiers went to Albania.[16] However, historians maintain that during the Ottoman era the Balkan Egyptians and other Balkan Roma were part of a single community that was called by the Ottomans Kıbti (literally 'Copts'), reflecting the same group encompassed by the English ethnonym for the Roma ("Gypsies"). They see the alternate origins as part of a larger phenomenon whereby groups such as the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, as part of an effort to achieve greater civil emancipation and to escape anti-Roma prejudice, made an effort to separate themselves from other Roma and constructed a novel history for their peoples.[17]

A 14th-century reference to a placename (Агѹповы клѣти, Agupovy klěti) in the Rila Charter of Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria was thought by some authors, such as Konstantin Josef Jireček, to be related to the Balkan Egyptians.[18][19]

In 1990, an Egyptian association was formed in Ohrid, which was attended by representatives from different Balkan countries.[20]

History of Ashkali

The origin of the Ashkali remains scientifically unexplained. The Ashkali community leaders have constructed a few narratives. According to the Persian narrative, the Ashkali people originated in Persia in the 4th century. According to the Italian narrative, which is based on folk etymology, they are colonists from ancient Rome. According to the Semitic narrative, originated in the town Ashkelon in Biblical Palestine.[21]

The Ashkali were aligned with Albanians before, during and after the Kosovo war.[11] During the war, many were sent to refugee camps with the Romani people in Kosovo.[11] After the war ended in 1999, some of them reaffirmed their identity as Ashkali to show their pro-Albanian stance and distinguish themselves from the Arlije and Gurbeti Roma, who had been mistakenly viewed as pro-Serbian. However, viewed by the majority population as pro-Serbian Roma, they were persecuted by Albanian nationalists in the presence of NATO forces. As the majority of Kosovo Roma, many of them settled in Serbia and Montenegro. Others moved to Albania, Serbia and Macedonia and the whole of Western Europe, such as Germany and France.[13]

The first Ashkali party (Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo) was formed in 2000 under Sabit Rrahmani, who supported Kosovo's independence in the name of all Ashkali.[11]

Demographics

Most Ashkali live in Kosovo, but they also reside in Serbia and Montenegro, while most Balkan Egyptians are thought to live in North Macedonia and Albania, rather than Kosovo. In the Macedonian census of 2002, 3,713 people identified as Egyptian, while in the Serbian census of 2002 (excluding Kosovo), 814 people identified as Egyptian. In the Montenegrin census, on the other hand, 225 people identified as Egyptian.

Ashkali are predominant in the central and eastern regions of Kosovo: Ferizaj, Fushë Kosova, and Lipjan. Kosovo's Egyptian community is mostly to be found in its western part, in Gjakova, Istog, Peja, and Deçan.[22]

Culture

In Kosovo, Roma and Ashkali do not classify one another as gadje.[22] Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians reject having any relation with the Roma.[23] The Ashkali and Roma claim the Egyptians as their own; whereas the Ashkali and Egyptians dispute over each other's background.[11] No television or radio channels are dedicated to Kosovo's Ashkali or Egyptian minority audiences.[22] Circumcision celebrations of their sons are organized by the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians.[24]

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ 15,436 Ashkali and 11,524 Balkan Egyptians
  2. ^ a b c Identified as Balkan Egyptians
  3. ^ 1,484 Balkan Egyptians and 1,307 Ashkali at the 2022 census

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ashkali". Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Population - by gender ethnicity at settlement level" (PDF). p. 11. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Statistički godišnik na Republika Makedonija (in македонски). 2007. p. 55. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."1.1.13 Popullsia banuese sipas përkatësisë etnike dhe kulturore sipas Përkatësia etnike dhe kulturore, Variabla dhe Viti" (xls). INSTAT - Instituti i Statistikave (in shqip).
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ПОПИС 2022 - еxcел табеле | О ПОПИСУ СТАНОВНИШТВА". Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."STATISTIČKI GODIŠNJAK 2011" (PDF). Statistics of Montenegro. p. 46. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Population by ethnicity – detailed classification, 2011 Census". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ismaili, Besa (2013). "Kosovo". In Nielsen, Jørgen S.; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 369–381. doi:10.1163/9789004255869_025. ISBN 978-90-04-25586-9. ISSN 1877-1432.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Minority political representation: Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians". 19 April 2017.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."StackPath". 12 March 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Valeriu Nicolae; Hannah Slavik (2007). Roma Diplomacy. IDEA. ISBN 978-1-932716-33-7.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Post-war Kosovo and its policies towards the Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian communities" (PDF). Harvard: School of Public Health. July 2014.
  13. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lichnofky, C. (2013). "Ashkali and Egyptians in Kosovo: New ethnic identifications as a result of exclusion during nationalist violence from 1990 till 2010". Romani Studies. 23 (1): 29–60. doi:10.3828/rs.2013.2. S2CID 143787353.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cult Of Isis in Ancient Rome | UNRV.com Roman History". Unrv.com. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zemon, Rubin. "History of the Balkan Egyptians" (PDF).
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Roma of Albania" (PDF). Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Elena Marushiakova; Vesselin Popov, eds. (2021). "Chapter 1: The Genesis of Roma Emancipation". Roma Voices in History. Brill. pp. 1–32 at 16 & 28. doi:10.30965/9783657705184_002. ISBN 978-3-657-70518-4. S2CID 242216553.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Даскалова, Ангелина; Мария Райкова (2005). Грамоти на българските царе (in български). София: Академично издателство "Марин Дринов". p. 57.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Trubeta, Sevasti (March 2005). "Balkan Egyptians and Gypsy/Roma Discourse" (PDF). Nationalities Papers. 33 (1): 71–95. doi:10.1080/00905990500053788. S2CID 155028453.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rubin Zemon. "History of the Balkan Egyptians" (PDF). coe.int. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zemon, Rubin (April 2010). "History of Ashkali identity". In Ailincai, Aurora (ed.). Balkan Egyptians and Ashkali history. Council of Europe – via ResearchGate.
  22. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Notes made from the Ashkali and Egyptian communities for the shadow report on the Implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in Kosovo" (PDF). Minelres.lv. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Bildungsprojekt in Kosovo - "Diese Kinder Roma zu nennen, das wäre verletzend"". Deutschlandfunk. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Novik, Alexander (1 January 2020). "The Rite of Male Circumcision among the Muslim Population in the Western Balkans". Retrieved 9 April 2023 – via www.academia.edu.

Cited works

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