Atbarah River
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Hatnote list' not found.
Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.
| Atbarah River | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex Hydroelectric Power Plant | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Atbarah River Basin (Interactive map) | |
| Script error: No such module "Infobox mapframe". | |
| Native name | Template:Native name checker |
| Location | |
| Countries | Page Template:Hlist/styles.css has no content. |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | |
• location | Discharges into the Nile |
• coordinates | Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. |
• elevation | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| Length | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
Basin size | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| • minimum | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| • average | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| • maximum | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
The Atbarah River (Template:Langx; transliterated: Nahr 'Atbarah), also referred to as the Red Nile and / or Black Nile, is a river in northeast Africa. It rises in northwest Ethiopia, approximately 50 km north of Lake Tana and 30 km west of Gondar. It then flows about 805 km (500 mi) to the Nile in north-central Sudan, joining it at the city of Atbarah (Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.). The river's tributary, the Tekezé (Setit) River, is perhaps the true upper course of the Atbarah, as the Tekezé follows the longer course prior to the confluence of the two rivers (at 14° 10' N, 36° E) in northeastern Sudan. The Atbarah is the last tributary of the Nile before it reaches the Mediterranean.
For much of the year, it is little more than a stream. However, during the rainy season (generally July to October), the Atbarah rises some 18 ft (5 m) above its normal level. At this time, it forms a formidable barrier between the northern and central districts of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Besides the Tekezé, other important tributaries of the Atbarah include the Shinfa River which rises west of Lake Tana, and the Greater Angereb which has its source north of the city of Gondar.
History
The earliest surviving mention of the Atbarah is by Strabo (16.4.8), who called the river Astaboras (Template:Langx).[1] Other ancient authors mentioning the name include Agatharchides, who called it Astabaras (Template:Langx),[1] and Ptolemy (Geography 4.7).[2] Richard Pankhurst and others have argued that the name should be understood as "River of the Boras people", where asta can be related to Proto-Nubian asti "water",[1] while -boras can be linked to a number of Roman allusions to a tribe named the Bora (Bera), who lived near Meroe,[3] and another tribe named the Megabares (Template:Langx in Eratosthenes and Strabo, Template:Langx in Pliny the Elder).[1] Pliny the Elder provides a slightly different etymology of Astaboras, stating that "in the language of the local people" the name means "water coming from the shades below" (N.H. 5.10).
In April 1898 a major battle was fought beside the river during the Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896–1899 between Mahdist forces and an Anglo-Egyptian Army under the command of Lord Kitchener, which resulted in the destruction of the 20,000-strong Mahdist detachment.[4]
In 1964, the river was dammed by the Khashm el-Girba Dam near Kassala in Sudan to provide irrigation to the newly built town of Halfa Dughaym in an otherwise fairly arid region and to resettle the Sudanese population driven away by the Aswan High Dam (Sad al-Aali) in Egypt, which flooded 500 km of the Nile Valley in southern Egypt and northern Sudan.[5]
Construction on a $1.9 billion twin dam project about 20 km upstream from the confluence of the Upper Atbara and Setit rivers, the Rumela and Burdana dams, began in 2011 and was inaugurated by President Omar al-Bashir in February 2017.[6]
Hydrology
Average monthly flow (1912–1982) of the Atbarah measured approximately 25 km upstream of its mouth, measured in m3/s:[7]
<timeline> Colors=
id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9)
ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:2010 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:500 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:250 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo
BarData=
bar:Jan text:Jan. bar:Feb text:Feb. bar:Mar text:March bar:Apr text:April bar:May text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aug text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Dec text:Dec.
PlotData=
color:barra width:30 align:left
bar:Jan from:0 till: 7.5 bar:Feb from:0 till: 2.9 bar:Mar from:0 till: 0.3 bar:Apr from:0 till: 1.4 bar:May from:0 till: 2.9 bar:Jun from:0 till: 28.4 bar:Jul from:0 till: 569.5 bar:Aug from:0 till: 2002.7 bar:Sep from:0 till: 1291.0 bar:Oct from:0 till: 289.1 bar:Nov from:0 till: 61.1 bar:Dec from:0 till: 19.0
PlotData=
bar:Jan at: 7.5 fontsize:S text: 7.5 shift:(-10,5) bar:Feb at: 2.9 fontsize:S text: 2.9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 0.3 fontsize:S text: 0.3 shift:(-10,5) bar:Apr at: 1.4 fontsize:S text: 1.4 shift:(-10,5) bar:May at: 2.9 fontsize:S text: 2.9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 28.4 fontsize:S text: 28.4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 569.5 fontsize:S text: 569.5 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aug at: 2002.7 fontsize:S text: 2002.7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 1291.0 fontsize:S text: 1291.0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 289.1 fontsize:S text: 289.1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 61.1 fontsize:S text: 61.1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Dec at: 19.0 fontsize:S text: 19.0 shift:(-10,5)
</timeline>
See also
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ a b c d Claude Rilly, Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique, Peeters, Louvain 2010, p. 179
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LacusCurtius • Ptolemy's Geography — Book IV, Chapter 7". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 27
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Winston Churchill (1899). The River War Volume 1. Longmans. p. 416 Chapter XIII.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurni, Hans; Tato, Kebede; Zeleke, Gete (May 2005). "The Implications of Changes in Population, Land Use, and Land Management for Surface Runoff in the Upper Nile Basin Area of Ethiopia". Mountain Research and Development. 25 (2): 147–154. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0147:tiocip]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0276-4741.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gregory B. Poindexter (2 February 2017). "Sudan inaugurates US$1.9 billion Upper Atbara and Setit Dam hydropower project". HydroWorld. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nile - Kilo 3". University of New Hampshire. 2000-02-26.
External links
Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.
- Maps of Ethiopia - Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.
Template:Nile River Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.
