Ashéninka language

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Ashéninka
"Campa"
Native toPeru, Brazil
EthnicityAshéninka people
Native speakers
8,774 (2017)[1]
Arawakan
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
prq – Perené
cpu – Pichis
cpc – Apurucayali
cpb – Ucayali-Yurúa
cjo – Pajonal
cpy – South Ucayali
qh2
Glottologasha1242
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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Ashéninka (Ashéninca, Ashéninga) is the name that some varieties included in the Ashéninka-Asháninka dialect complex have traditionally received. These varieties belong to the Campan branch of the Arawak family.[2] Ethnologue distinguishes seven languages throughout the whole complex, while Pedrós[2] proposes a division in three languages (Ashéninka, Asháninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá) based on the principle of mutual intelligibility. The varieties included in Ashéninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá have traditionally been called Ashéninka. Glottolog reflects Pedrós’ proposal, although considering the languages proposed by him as family-level divisions of the languages that the Ethnologue distinguishes.

According to the indigenous peoples database of the Peruvian Ministry of Education,[1] there are 15,281 people living in Ashéninka communities, of whom 8,774 (57%) claim to be able to speak the language. Ethnologue gives much higher figures for the different Ashéninka varieties.

The classification of the different varieties was first established by David Payne in his Apurucayali Axininca grammar,[3] but he referred to them as dialects and not as different languages.[3]Template:Rp

Ashéninka is a locally official language in Peru, as are all native Peruvian languages. It and its relatives are also known by the pejorative term Campa.[4][5][6]

Phonology

Consonants

Pedrós (2023)[7] shows the following consonant inventory for Ucayali-Pajonal (South Ucayali and Pajonal):

Bilabial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal. plain pal. plain pal.
Plosive voiceless p pʲ t c k kʲ
aspirated tʰ
Affricate voiceless ts
aspirated tsʰ tʃʰ
Fricative ʃ h hʲ
Rhotic ɾ ɾʲ
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ
Approximant w/β̞ β̞ʲ j ɰ

Judith Payne (1989)[8] describes the following consonant inventory for Pichis:

Bilabial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal Unspecified
plain pal. plain pal.
Plosive voiceless p pʲ t k kʲ
aspirated tʰ
Affricate voiceless ts tʃ
aspirated tsʰ tʃʰ
Fricative s ʃ (ç) h
Rhotic r rʲ
Nasal m mʲ n ɲ N
Approximant β̞ β̞ʲ j ɰ

David Payne (1981)[3] shows the same inventory for the Apurucayali variety, but without the palatalized consonants Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". and with the palatal fricative /ç/.

Mihas[9] shows a similar inventory for the Alto Perené variety with few differences. These are that Mihas does not include neither Script error: No such module "IPA". nor Script error: No such module "IPA".; David Payne's contrast Script error: No such module "IPA". is considered Script error: No such module "IPA". by Mihas, and she does not include any palatalized consonant because she considers them two-consonant clusters (Cj). These three varieties are included in Pedrós' Northern Ashé-Ashá group.[2]

Vowels

Judith Payne,[8] Mihas[9] and Pedrós[7] show a four-vowel system Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., while, in David Payne's Apurucayali,[3] there are only three Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".. All varieties distinguish between long [Vː] and short vowels without any change in quality.

Alphabet

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Ashéninka was recognized as a separate language from Asháninka in 2017, and the process to fix an alphabet finished in April 2019 with its approval by the Ministry of Education.[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Base de Datos Oficial de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios". Base de Datos de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios. Ministerio de Cultura del Perú. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pedrós, Toni (2018). "Ashéninka y asháninka: ¿de cuántas lenguas hablamos?". Cadernos de etnolingüística. 6 (1): 1–30. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Payne, David L. (1981). The Phonology and Morphology of Axininca Campa (PDF). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vigil, Nila (2010). "Racismo en el discurso sobre los asháninkas de satipo". Discurso & Sociedad (in español). 4 (5): 538–578. doi:10.14198/dissoc.4.3.4.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vigil, Nila; Zariquiey, Roberto (2017). "La internalización del discurso racista en los jóvenes asháninkas". Lengua y Sociedad. 16 (1): 54–75. doi:10.15381/lengsoc.v16i1.22384. hdl:20.500.14005/3221.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Michael, Lev (2020). "Rethinking the communicative functions of evidentiality: Event responsibility in Nanti (Arawakan) evidential practice" (PDF). Cadernos de Etnolingüística. 8 (1): 95–123.
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pedrós, Toni (2023). A grammar of Ashéninka (Ucayali-Pajonal) (PDF). Amsterdam: LOT. ISBN 978-94-6093-425-4. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Payne, Judith (1989). Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma ashéninca. Yarinacocha: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mihas, Elena (2015). A grammar of Alto Perené (Arawak) (PDF). Mouton Grammar Library. Vol. 69. De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110766301. ISBN 9783110419320.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ya es oficial el alfabeto de la lengua asheninka". Andina. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.

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