Vernonia amygdalina
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Vernonia amygdalina, a member of the daisy family, is a small to medium-sized shrub that grows in tropical Africa. V. amygdalina typically grows to a height of 2–5 m (6.6–16.4 ft). The leaves are elliptical and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Its bark is rough.[1]
V. amygdalina is commonly called bitter leaf in English because of its bitter taste.[2][3][4]
Uses
Food
The leaves are a major ingredient in preparation of ofe onugbu (bitter leaf soup) popular and culturally relevant amongst the Igbo people of Eastern Nigeria. They are dried to reduce breakage before washing to reduce bitterness. In Eastern Nigeria, the water also serves as a stomachache remedy, and leaves are also used in place of hops to brew beer.[5]
In Cameroon the leaves are used to cook Ndole one of its national dishes.
Other
In Nigeria, twigs and sticks from this plant are used as a chewing stick for dental hygiene and the stems are used for soap in Uganda. In Ghana, the young leaves rather than the old, has gained credence for its potent anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity; and have been proven using animal models.[6][7]
In the Northern part of Nigeria, it has been added to horse feed to provide a strengthening or fattening tonic called 'Chusar Doki' in Hausa.[citation needed]
Zoopharmacognosy
In the wild, chimpanzees have been observed to ingest the leaves when suffering from parasitic infections.[8]
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ijeh II; Ejike CECC (2011). "Current perspectives on the medicinal potential of Vernonia amygdalina Del". J Med Plant Res. 5 (7): 1051–1061.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Farombi, E. O.; Owoeye, O. (2011). "Bitter leaf". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (6): 2533–2555. doi:10.3390/ijerph8062533. PMC 3138040. PMID 21776245.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kokwaro, John (2009). Medicinal Plants of East Africa (3rd ed.). Nairobi, Kenya: University of Nairobi Press. ISBN 978-9966-846-84-6.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Appiah, Kwame (2018). "Medicinal Plants Used in the Ejisu-Juaben Municipality, Southern Ghana: An Ethnobotanical Study". Medicines. 6 (1): 1–27. doi:10.3390/medicines6010001. PMC 6473417. PMID 30577439.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 0-415-92746-3.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Asante, Du-Bois; et al. (2016). "Antidiabetic Effect of Young and Old Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina: A Comparative Study". Journal of Diabetes Research. 8252741 8252741. doi:10.1155/2016/8252741. PMC 4884890. PMID 27294153.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Asante, Du-Bois; et al. (2019). "Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity of young and old leaves of Vernonia amygdalina". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 111: 1187–1203. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.147. PMID 30841432.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Huffman, M.A.; Seifu, M. (1989). "Observations on the illness and consumption of a possibly medicinal plant Vernonia amygdalina (Del.), by a wild chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania". Primates. 30: 51–63. doi:10.1007/BF02381210. S2CID 12090279.
External links
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