Cenchrus ciliaris
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Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel-grass[2] or African foxtail grass; syn. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link) is a species of grass native to most of Africa, southern Asia (east to India), southern Iran, and the extreme south of Europe (Sicily).[3] Other names by which this grass is known include dhaman grass, anjan grass and koluk katai.[4][5]
Description
African foxtail grass is a perennial grass growing to 20 to 120 cm (10 to 50 in) tall. The leaves are linear, 3 to 25 cm (1 to 10 in) long and 4 to 10 mm (0.16 to 0.39 in) wide. The flowers are produced in a panicle 2 to 14 cm (0.8 to 5.5 in) long and 1 to 2.6 cm (0.4 to 1.0 in) wide.[6]
Distribution
African foxtail grass is native to tropical Africa, the Mediterranean region and the hotter and drier parts of Asia. It is a deep-rooted grass, tolerates drought, and will grow at altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is considered a good forage grass in Africa. It prefers light soils with a high phosphorus content. As a key species for pastoralism, Cenchrus ciliaris is projected, in one simulation, to expand its overall range in East Africa under a high-emission scenario (RCP 8.5) in the future.[7]
It is also sown in Queensland, Australia and elsewhere for grazing, hay and silage.[4] It was introduced to the Sonoran Desert for erosion control and to feed livestock. In the Mexican part of the Sonoran Desert, it is still being planted and irrigated for livestock grazing. Cenchrus ciliaris has become naturalised and often an invasive species in Australia, the southwestern United States, Hawaii, Mexico, Central America, South America, and Macaronesia.[3]
As an invasive species
It was introduced in the 1930s into Arizona, United States, to provide grazing. The introduction was largely unsuccessful but the grass began to appear as a weed beside highways and in cleared fields or over-grazed land. It can spread quickly and appears to increase the mortality of native plants, including grasses and even palo verdes, by scavenging nearby water. This plant has a very low ignition threshold and can burn even during the peak growing season. Its flammability (injurious to neighbors) and quick regrowth allow it to compete successfully against almost all vegetation in the Sonoran Desert region.[8]
Another problem of buffelgrass in the Sonoran Desert is that it intensifies wildfires such that saguaro cacti that normally survive wildfires can erupt into flames when growing in areas overtaken by the grass.[9][10]
In Queensland, Australia, the grass has also been blamed for causing a decline in the native grass species which are fed on by the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat,[11] and cited as a factor in the wombats' decline.[12] In South Australia, it is a declared plant under the Natural Resources Management Act and weed management activities are guided by the South Australia Buffel Grass Strategic Plan (2012–17).[13] In Australia's Northern Territory, invasive buffel grass is implicated in worsening wild fires and is declared a weed.[14][15][16]
References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cenchrus ciliaris L." Grassland species: Profiles. FAO. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Buffelgrass". www.desertmuseum.org. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
- ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Messmer, Martina; Eckert, Sandra; Torre-Marin Rando, Amor; Snethlage, Mark; González-Rojí, Santos J.; Hurni, Kaspar; Beyerle, Urs; Hemp, Andreas; Kibet, Staline; Stocker, Thomas F. (2024-10-17). "Major distribution shifts are projected for key rangeland grasses under a high-emission scenario in East Africa at the end of the 21st century". Communications Earth & Environment. 5 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01731-x. ISSN 2662-4435. PMC 11486655. PMID 39430422.
- ^ Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum: Buffelgrass.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Davis, Tony (2020-06-13). "Invasive buffelgrass may have helped Bighorn Fire take out saguaros". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Invasive grass is overwhelming U.S. deserts—providing fuel for wildfires". Travel. 2021-03-02. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Casey, Fiona; Old, Julie M.; Stannard, Hayley J. (2023). "Assessment of the diet of the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) using DNA metabarcoding". Ecology and Evolution. 13. doi:10.1002/ece3.10469. PMC 10485309.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Marshall, V.M.; Lewis, M.M.; Ostendorf, B. (2012-03-01). "Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) as an invader and threat to biodiversity in arid environments: A review". Journal of Arid Environments. 78: 1–12. Bibcode:2012JArEn..78....1M. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.005. ISSN 0140-1963.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Buffel Grass". Primary Industries and Regions South Australia. Primary Industries and Regions South Australia. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."West MacDonnells blaze: Sorrow and questions - Alice Springs News". 11 February 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The summer bushfires you didn't hear about, and the invasive species fuelling them". NITV. 12 March 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Allison, Charmayne; Barwick, Alex (2024-07-05). "Invasive buffel grass declared a weed in the Northern Territory". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
External links
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- Cenchrus ciliaris in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley
- Cenchrus ciliaris in West African plants – A Photo Guide.
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