Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

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Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
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Map of the Americas indicating CELAC members: Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content.
  Member countries
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  Claimed territoriesa
Official languagesPage Template:Hlist/styles.css has no content.
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  • Latin American
  • Caribbean
Membership33 member states
Leaders
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Population
• 2011 estimate
600,000,000[1]
  1. Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina.

The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)[a] is a bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states, consisting of 33 countries, and has five official working languages.[2][3] It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States (OAS), and includes all OAS member states (except the United States and Canada) plus includes the nations of Nicaragua and Cuba.[4] Initially proposed on February 23, 2010, at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community Unity Summit,[5][6][7] CELAC is seen as the successor of the Rio Group and the Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development (CALC).[8] CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and to reduce hegemony within the politics and economics of the region. The date of creation was on December 3, 2011, in Caracas, Venezuela, with the signing of the Declaration of Caracas.[9] As of 2013, CELAC possesses a population of roughly 600 million.[1]

History

2008–2010: Brazil and Mexico initiatives

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On 16–17 December 2008, the I Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development (CALC) took place in Costa do Sauipe, Bahia, Brazil. It was organized at the initiative of the Lula administration with the goal of building cooperation mechanism with greater autonomy from the United States and Canada. Most heads of state from Latin America and the Caribbean states attended, with the exception of President of Colombia Álvaro Uribe and President of Peru Alan García.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The summit finished with the signing of the Bahia Declaration, a common agenda establishing the following priorities: cooperation between mechanism of regional and subregional integration, the 2008 financial crisis, energy, infrastructures, social development and eradication of hunger and poverty, food security, sustainable development, natural disasters, human rights promotion, migration, South–South cooperation and Latin America and Caribbean projection.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[10]

In 2008, the Calderón administration of Mexico proposed the creation of the Latin American and the Caribbean Union (Spanish: Unión Latinoamericana y del Caribe, ULC). The proposal was formalized on 27 March 2009 at Rio Group meeting. At the initiative of Mexico, the XXI Rio Summit and the II CALC summit were held together on 22–23 February 2010 in Playa del Carmen, Mexico. The joint summit was named the Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit and the 33 attending states decided to create the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), which would be formally established in 2011.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Hugo Chávez, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Rafael Correa were among the other prominent leaders who praised the creation of CELAC.[11] In July 2010, CELAC selected President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez and President of Chile Sebastián Piñera, as co-chairs of the forum to draft statutes for the organization.[12]

The announcement prompted debate and discussion across Latin America and the Caribbean about whether it was more beneficial to have close ties with the U.S. and Canada or to work independently.[13]

An editorial in Brazil's Estadão newspaper said, "CELAC reflects the disorientation of the region's governments in relation to its problematic environment and its lack of foreign policy direction, locked as it is into the illusion that snubbing the United States will do for Latin American integration what 200 years of history failed to do."[11]

2011: Founding

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". CELAC's inaugural summit was due to be held in mid-2011, but was postponed because of the ill-health of Hugo Chávez, president of the host nation, Venezuela. The summit was instead held on December 2 and 3, 2011, in Caracas.[14] It primarily focused on the global economic crisis and its effects on the region. Several leaders, including presidents Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Dilma Rousseff and Juan Manuel Santos, encouraged an increase in regional trade, economic development, and further economic cooperation among members in order to defend their growing economies.[15]

Chávez, and other leaders such as Rafael Correa and Daniel Ortega, expressed hope that the bloc would work to further Latin American integration, end U.S. hegemony and consolidate control over regional affairs.[15] Chávez, citing the Monroe Doctrine as the original confirmation of U.S. interference in the region, openly called for CELAC to replace the OAS: "As the years go by, CELAC is going to leave behind the old and worn-out OAS." Correa called for a new human rights commission to replace the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Other leaders argued that the organisation should be used as a tool to resolve regional disagreements and uphold democratic values, but not as a replacement of the OAS.[15] Santos stated that he would like to see dialogue within the group over whether existing counter-drug regulations should be revised.[15] The president of the Latin American Parliament (Parlatino) said he expects that Parlatino will become the main legislative institution of CELAC.[16] Amongst the key issues on the agenda were the creation of a "new financial architecture," sanction for maintaining the legal status of coca in Bolivia and the rejection of the Cuban embargo by the U.S.[17]

United States President Barack Obama's senior adviser on Latin America, Daniel Restrepo, informed reporters from Miami that the U.S. government would "watch and see what direction CELAC takes".[18]

Brazil decided to suspend its participation in the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States in January 2020 under the administration of Jair Bolsonaro.[19] Following the 2022 Brazilian general election, newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signalled his intention to rejoin the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States,[20] and effectively did so in the first days of his administration.[21]

In June 2023, CELAC recognized the Latin American and Caribbean character of the island of Puerto Rico and “calls on the UN General Assembly to examine the question of Puerto Rico in its entirety and in all its aspects, and rule on this matter as soon as possible”.[22]

Organization

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The pro tempore presidency is the main representative of the CELAC. The troika is composed by the current pro tempore presidency, its predecessor, its successor and the presidency of the CARICOM.[23]

Forums

The regional body has joint forums that work with external global entities, including China[24][25] the European Union, Japan[26] and India.[27][28]

Summits of Heads of State and Government

CELAC Summits
Summit Year Host country Host city
* 2010 Script error: No such module "flag". Playa del Carmen
* 2011 Script error: No such module "flag". Caracas
I January 2013[29] Script error: No such module "flag". Santiago
II January 2014[30] Script error: No such module "flag". Havana
III January 28–29, 2015[31] Script error: No such module "flag". Belén, Heredia
IV January 27, 2016[32] Script error: No such module "flag". Quito
V January 24–25, 2017[33] Script error: No such module "flag". Punta Cana
* 2018 Template:Flagcountry Did not take place
* 2019 Script error: No such module "flag". Did not take place
* 2020 Script error: No such module "flag". Did not take place
VI 2021 Script error: No such module "flag". Mexico City
VII 2023 Script error: No such module "flag". Buenos Aires
VIII March 1–2, 2024 Script error: No such module "flag". Kingstown
IX April 9, 2025 Script error: No such module "flag". Tegucigalpa
X March 21, 2026 Script error: No such module "flag". Medellín

2013 Summit – Chile

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File:ESO exhibition area at the CELAC–EU summit in Santiago.jpg
ESO exhibition area at the CELAC–EU summit in Santiago[34]

The EU-LAC Foundation chose CELAC to be the main organization representative of the relationship between European and Latin American and Caribbean countries.

2014 Summit – Cuba

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". During the summit, the region was declared a "peace zone". After three days and with the approval of participating representatives, a document with 83 focus points was created. It emphasized that, despite cultural and regional differences, unity between the participating countries is necessary in order to create progress. "Unity and the integration of our region must be gradually constructed, with flexibility, with respect to differences, diversity, and the sovereign right of each of our countries to choose our own forms of political and economic organization" stated the document. It also states which countries have been developing the best and how they are doing it in order for them to be a model for other countries.

The issue of poverty was widely discussed. Cuba's Raúl Castro pointed out that throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, people wanted a fairer distribution of wealth, access to affordable education, employment, better salaries, and the eradication of illiteracy. He argued that CELAC countries can work together, support each other, to create new plans and solutions for these problems.[35]

2015 Summit – Costa Rica

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2016 Summit – Ecuador

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Official 2016 CELAC Summit portrait in Quito, Ecuador

2017 Summit – Dominican Republic

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2021 Summit – Mexico

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Member states

Template:Supranational American Bodies CELAC comprises 33 countries, speaking five different languages:

Eighteen Spanish-speaking countries

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Twelve English-speaking countries

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One Dutch-speaking country

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One French-speaking country

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One Portuguese-speaking country

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Twelve members are in South America. Portuguese-speaking Brazil suspended its membership in January 2020, alleging that the organization failed to "protect democracy" in member states. The decision was taken during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro,[36] who was himself accused of attacking Brazil's democratic institutions.[37] Following the 2022 Brazilian general election, newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signalled his intention to rejoin.[20] After taking office Lula reinstated Brazil's membership into the organization.[38]

Currencies

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Member states within the bloc use numerous currencies for internal usage or for trade. Including: the Argentine peso, Bahamian dollar, Barbadian dollar, Belize dollar, Bolivian boliviano, Brazilian real, Chilean peso, Colombian peso, Costa Rican colón, Cuban peso, Dominican peso, Ecuadorian centavo coins, Guatemalan quetzal, Guyanese dollar, Haitian gourde, Honduran lempira, Jamaican dollar, Mexican peso, Nicaraguan córdoba, Panamanian balboa, Paraguayan guaraní, Peruvian sol, Surinamese dollar, Trinidad and Tobago dollar, Uruguayan peso, and the Venezuelan bolívar.[39]

Some initiatives have been made towards shared currencies or currency unions,[40][41] including the current existing: Caribbean guilder, Eastern Caribbean dollar, and the SUCRE. Additionally Argentina and Brazil have discussed the formation of a currency called the 'Sur' ("south") for bilateral trade, but this has not moved beyond planning stage.[42][43] Some CELAC member nations formally use the United States dollar including: (Ecuador and El Salvador). Other nations have made moves to offer their own central bank digital currency.

Indicators

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Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The following table shows various data for CELAC member states, including area, population, economic output and income inequality, as well as various composite indices, including human development, viability of the state, rule of law, perception of corruption, economic freedom, state of peace, freedom of the press and democratic level.

Country Area[44]
(km2)
2015		 Population[45]
2015		 GDP (PPP)[45]
(Intl. $)
2015		 GDP (PPP)
per capita[45]
(Intl. $)
2015		 Income
inequality[45]
1992-2014
(latest available)		 HDI[46]
2015		 FSI[47]
2016		 RLI[48]
2016		 CPI[49]
2016		 IEF[50]
2017		 GPI[51]
2016		 WPFI[52]
2016		 DI[53]
2016
File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda 440 91,818 2,117,532,266 23,062 Template:Screen reader-only 0.786 56.2 0.67 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 2,780,400 43,416,755 884,155,392,935 20,364 42.67 0.827 48.4 0.55 36 50.4 1.957 25.09 6.96
File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas, The 13,880 388,019 8,924,827,793 23,001 Template:Screen reader-only 0.792 51.6 0.61 66 61.1 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados 430 284,215 4,662,763,817 16,406 Template:Screen reader-only 0.795 49.0 0.67 61 54.5 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize 22,970 359,287 3,048,017,325 8,484 53.26 0.706 66.0 0.47 Template:Screen reader-only 58.6 Template:Screen reader-only 20.61 Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 1,098,580 10,724,705 74,577,744,269 6,954 48.40 0.674 78.5 0.40 33 47.7 2.038 31.78 5.63
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 8,515,770 207,847,528 3,198,897,964,239 15,391 51.48 0.754 65.3 0.55 40 52.9 2.176 32.62 6.90
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile 756,096 17,948,141 419,386,742,725 23,367 50.45 0.847 41.9 0.68 66 76.5 1.635 19.23 7.78
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 1,141,749 48,228,704 666,958,038,483 13,829 53.50 0.727 80.2 0.51 37 69.7 2.764 44.11 6.67
File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 51,180[54] 4,807,850 74,976,669,841 15,595 48.53 0.776 45.1 0.68 58 65.0 1.699 11.10 7.88
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 109,880 11,389,562 132,900,000,000b 11,600b Template:Screen reader-only 0.775 66.3 Template:Screen reader-only 47 33.9 2.057 70.23 3.46
File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica 750 72,680 789,634,652 10,865 Template:Screen reader-only 0.726 Template:Screen reader-only 0.60 59 63.7 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 48,670 10,528,391 149,893,354,990 14,237 47.07 0.722 70.8 0.47 31 62.9 2.143 27.90 6.67
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 256,370 16,144,363 185,242,693,748 11,474 45.38 0.739 75.6 0.45 31 49.3 2.020 33.21 5.81
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 21,040 6,126,583 52,808,578,088 8,620 41.84 0.680 72.5 0.49 36 64.1 2.237 27.20 6.64
File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada 340 106,825 1,448,391,593 13,559 Template:Screen reader-only 0.754 63.0 0.66 56 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala 108,890 16,342,897 126,206,881,633 7,722 48.66 0.640 83.2 0.44 28 63.0 2.270 38.03 5.92
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 214,970 767,085 5,769,805,304 7,522 44.55 0.638 70.9 0.49 34 58.5 2.105 27.07 6.25
File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti 27,750 10,711,067 18,824,011,297 1,757 60.79 0.493 105.1 Template:Screen reader-only 20 49.6 2.066 24.66 4.02
File:Flag of Honduras (1949–2022, 2026–present).svg Honduras 112,490 8,075,060 41,144,078,465 5,095 50.64 0.625 79.8 0.42 30 58.8 2.237 44.62 5.92
File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica 10,990 2,725,941 24,785,002,528 8,873 45.46 0.730 65.0 0.57 39 69.5 2.091 12.45 7.39
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 1,964,380 127,017,224 2,157,817,248,941 16,988 48.21 0.762 70.4 0.46 30 63.6 2.557 49.33 6.47
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 130,370 6,082,032 31,628,389,092 5,200 47.05 0.645 79.0 0.42 26 59.2 1.975 28.82 4.81
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama 75,420 3,929,141 87,373,244,561 22,237 50.70 0.788 53.2 0.52 38 66.3 1.837 30.59 7.13
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 406,752 6,639,123 61,069,963,183 9,198 51.67 0.693 72.6 Template:Screen reader-only 30 62.4 2.037 33.63 6.27
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru 1,285,220 31,376,670 393,125,472,102 12,529 44.14 0.740 72.0 0.51 35 68.9 2.057 29.99 6.65
File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis 260 55,572 1,394,199,261 25,088 Template:Screen reader-only 0.765 Template:Screen reader-only 0.66 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia 620 184,999 2,024,690,870 10,944 42.58 0.735 Template:Screen reader-only 0.64 60 65.0 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 390 109,462 1,219,366,997 11,140 Template:Screen reader-only 0.722 Template:Screen reader-only 0.61 60 65.2 Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname 163,820 542,975 9,069,126,393 16,703 57.61 0.725 66.7 0.53 45 48.0 Template:Screen reader-only 16.70 6.77
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 5,130 1,360,088 45,302,518,908 33,309 40.27 0.780 57.8 0.57 35 61.2 2.056 23.29 7.10
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 176,220 3,431,555 72,899,109,557 21,244 41.60 0.795 36.2 0.72 71 69.7 1.726 15.88 8.17
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 912,050 31,108,083 542,198,453,528c 17,665c 46.94 0.767 81.6 0.28 17 27.0 2.651 44.77 4.68
<span data-sort-value="Script error: No such module "sortkey"." style="display:none;">CELACa                          
Country Area
(km2)
2015		 Population
2015		 GDP (PPP)
(Intl. $)
2015		 GDP (PPP)
per capita
(Intl. $)
2015		 Income
inequality
1992-2014
(latest available)		 HDI
2015		 FSI
2016		 RLI
2016		 CPI
2016		 IEF
2017		 GPI
2016		 WPFI
2016		 DI
2016
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  • a CELAC total used for indicators 1 through 3; CELAC weighted average used for indicator 4; CELAC unweighted average used for indicators 5 through 13.
  • b Data from CIA World Factbook for 2014.
  • c Data refer to 2014.
Note: The colors indicate the country's global position in the respective indicator. For example, a green cell indicates that the country is ranked in the upper 25% of the list (including all countries with available data).
Highest quartile Upper-mid (3rd quartile) Lower-mid (2nd quartile) Lowest quartile

Notes

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See also

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References

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