Carboxylesterase 1

Template:Short description An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox Liver carboxylesterase 1 also known as carboxylesterase 1 (CES1, hCE-1 or CES1A1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CES1 gene. The protein is also historically known as serine esterase 1 (SES1), monocyte esterase and cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH). Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. The various protein products from isoform a, b and c range in size from 568, 567 and 566 amino acids long, respectively.

CES1 is present in most tissues with higher levels in the liver and low levels in the gastrointestinal tract.

Function

Carboxylesterase 1 is a serine esterase and member of a large multigene carboxylesterase family. It is also part of the alpha/beta fold hydrolase family. These enzymes are responsible for the hydrolysis of ester- and amide-bond-containing xenobiotics and drugs such as cocaine and heroin. They also hydrolyze long-chain fatty acid esters and thioesters. As part of phase II metabolism, the resulting carboxylates are then often conjugated by other enzymes to increase solubility and eventually excreted.

This enzyme is known to hydrolyze aromatic and aliphatic esters and can manage cellular cholesterol esterification levels. It may also play a role in detoxification in the lung and/or protection of the central nervous system from ester or amide compounds.

The protein contains an amino acid sequence at its N-terminus that sends it into the endoplasmic reticulum where a C-terminal sequence can bind to a KDEL receptor.

Clinical significance

Carboxylesterase 1 deficiency may be associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma or B-cell lymphocytic leukemia. Inhibition of CES1 by in particular organophosphates reduces tumor-killing activity by monocytes. The loss of this protein in monocytes is one product of organophosphate poisoning.

CES1 can activate or deactivate various drugs. CES1 is responsible for the activation of many prodrugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, oseltamivir, and dabigatran. Genetic variants of CES1 can significantly affect both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs metabolized by CES1, such as methylphenidate and clopidogrel. The ability of CES1 to metabolize heroin and cocaine among other drugs has suggested a therapeutic role for the enzyme.

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [[File: [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] ]] Fluorouracil (5-FU) Activity edit

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [[File: [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] ]] Irinotecan Pathway edit

Further reading

• Riddles PW, Richards LJ, Bowles MR, Pond SM (1992). "Cloning and analysis of a cDNA encoding a human liver carboxylesterase". Gene. 108 (2): 289–92. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90448-K. PMID 1748313.
• Munger JS, Shi GP, Mark EA, et al. (1991). "A serine esterase released by human alveolar macrophages is closely related to liver microsomal carboxylesterases". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (28): 18832–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55139-5. PMID 1918003.
• Long RM, Calabrese MR, Martin BM, Pohl LR (1991). "Cloning and sequencing of a human liver carboxylesterase isoenzyme". Life Sci. 48 (11): PL43–9. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(91)90515-D. PMID 1997784.
• Ketterman AJ, Bowles MR, Pond SM (1990). "Purification and characterization of two human liver carboxylesterases". Int. J. Biochem. 21 (12): 1303–12. doi:10.1016/0020-711X(89)90149-3. PMID 2612723.
• Becker A, Böttcher A, Lackner KJ, et al. (1994). "Purification, cloning, and expression of a human enzyme with acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activity, which is identical to liver carboxylesterase". Arterioscler. Thromb. 14 (8): 1346–55. doi:10.1161/01.atv.14.8.1346. PMID 8049197.
• Kroetz DL, McBride OW, Gonzalez FJ (1993). "Glycosylation-dependent activity of baculovirus-expressed human liver carboxylesterases: cDNA cloning and characterization of two highly similar enzyme forms". Biochemistry. 32 (43): 11606–17. doi:10.1021/bi00094a018. PMID 8218228.
• Shibata F, Takagi Y, Kitajima M, et al. (1993). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a human carboxylesterase gene". Genomics. 17 (1): 76–82. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1285. PMID 8406473.
• Langmann T, Becker A, Aslanidis C, et al. (1997). "Structural organization and characterization of the promoter region of a human carboxylesterase gene". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1350 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(96)00142-X. PMID 9003459.
• Brzezinski MR, Spink BJ, Dean RA, et al. (1997). "Human liver carboxylesterase hCE-1: binding specificity for cocaine, heroin, and their metabolites and analogs". Drug Metab. Dispos. 25 (9): 1089–96. PMID 9311626.
• Yan B, Matoney L, Yang D (1999). "Human carboxylesterases in term placentae: enzymatic characterization, molecular cloning and evidence for the existence of multiple forms". Placenta. 20 (7): 599–607. doi:10.1053/plac.1999.0407. PMID 10452915.
• Mori M, Hosokawa M, Ogasawara Y, et al. (1999). "cDNA cloning, characterization and stable expression of novel human brain carboxylesterase". FEBS Lett. 458 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01111-4. PMID 10518925. S2CID 5792413.
• Islam MR, Waheed A, Shah GN, et al. (1999). "Human egasyn binds beta-glucuronidase but neither the esterase active site of egasyn nor the C terminus of beta-glucuronidase is involved in their interaction". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 372 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1449. PMID 10562416.
• Ghosh S (2001). "Cholesteryl ester hydrolase in human monocyte/macrophage: cloning, sequencing, and expression of full-length cDNA". Physiol. Genomics. 2 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.2000.2.1.1. PMID 11015575. S2CID 1657010.
• Ghosh S, Natarajan R (2001). "Cloning of the human cholesteryl ester hydrolase promoter: identification of functional peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor responsive elements". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 284 (4): 1065–70. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5078. PMID 11409902.
• Alam M, Ho S, Vance DE, Lehner R (2002). "Heterologous expression, purification, and characterization of human triacylglycerol hydrolase". Protein Expr. Purif. 24 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1006/prep.2001.1553. PMID 11812220.
• Satoh T, Taylor P, Bosron WF, et al. (2002). "Current progress on esterases: from molecular structure to function". Drug Metab. Dispos. 30 (5): 488–93. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.5.488. PMID 11950776. S2CID 5802731.
• Alam M, Vance DE, Lehner R (2002). "Structure-function analysis of human triacylglycerol hydrolase by site-directed mutagenesis: identification of the catalytic triad and a glycosylation site". Biochemistry. 41 (21): 6679–87. doi:10.1021/bi0255625. PMID 12022871.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Bencharit S, Morton CL, Xue Y, et al. (2003). "Structural basis of heroin and cocaine metabolism by a promiscuous human drug-processing enzyme". Nat. Struct. Biol. 10 (5): 349–56. doi:10.1038/nsb919. PMID 12679808. S2CID 1108060.
• Zhu HJ, Brinda B, Froehlich TE, Markowitz JS (2012). "A discriminative analytical method for detection of CES1A1 and CES1A2/CES1A3 genetic variants". Pharmacogenet Genomics. 22 (3): 215–8. doi:10.1097/FPC.0b013e32834f03eb. PMC 3412537. PMID 22237548.