List of California wildfires

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File:1990- Most destructive California wildfires.svg
About 75% of California's 20 most destructive wildfires—measured in terms of structures burned—have occurred since 2015.[1]
File:AERONET La Jolla.2007295.terra.250m.jpg
Santa Ana winds in California expand fires and spread smoke over hundreds of miles, as in this October 2007 satellite image.
File:The Rim Fire in the Stanislaus National Forest near in California began on Aug. 17, 2013-0004.jpg
The Rim Fire consumed more than 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) of forest near Yosemite National Park, in 2013.

This is a partial and incomplete list of wildfires in the US state of California. California has dry, windy, and often hot weather conditions from spring through late autumn that can produce moderate to severe wildfires. Pre-1800, when the area was much more forested and the ecology much more resilient, 4.4-11.9 million acres (1.8-4.8 million hectares) of forest and shrubland burned annually.[2] California’s land area totals 99,813,760 or roughly 100 million acres, so since 2000, the area that burned annually has ranged between 90,000 acres, or 0.09%, and 4,397,809 acres, or 4.4% of the total land of California.[3] During the 2020 wildfire season alone, over 8,100 fires contributed to the burning of nearly 4.5 million acres of land.

Background

The timing of "fire season" in California is variable, depending on the amount of prior winter and spring precipitation, the frequency and severity of weather such as heat waves and wind events, and moisture content in vegetation. Northern California typically sees wildfire activity between late spring and early fall, peaking in the summer with hotter and drier conditions. Occasional cold frontal passages can bring wind and lightning. The timing of fire season in Southern California is similar, peaking between late spring and fall. The severity and duration of peak activity in either part of the state is modulated in part by weather events: downslope/offshore wind events can lead to critical fire weather, while onshore flow and Pacific weather systems can bring conditions that hamper wildfire growth.[4][5]

Causes

Climate change in California has lengthened the fire season and made it more extreme from the middle of the 20th century.[6][7]

Since the early 2010s, wildfires in California have grown more dangerous because of the accumulation of wood fuel in forests, higher population, and aging and often poorly maintained electricity transmission and distribution lines, particularly in areas serviced by Pacific Gas and Electric.[8][9][10] United States taxpayers pay about US$3 billion a year to fight wildfires, and big fires can lead to billions of dollars in property losses.[11] At times, these wildfires are fanned or made worse by strong, dry winds, known as Diablo winds when they occur in the northern part of the state and Santa Ana winds when they occur in the south. However, from a historical perspective, it has been estimated that prior to 1850, about 4.5 million acres (17,000 km2) burned yearly, in fires that lasted for months, with wildfire activity peaking roughly every 30 years, when up to 11.8 million acres (47,753 km3) of land burned.[12][13] The much larger wildfire seasons in the past can be attributed to the policy of Native Californians regularly setting controlled burns and allowing natural fires to run their course, which prevented devastating wildfires from overrunning the state.[12] There are conservation issues that prevent some controlled burns necessary to lessen the damage for when a wildfire starts.[14]

Effects

More than 350,000 people in California live in towns sited completely within zones deemed to be at very high risk of fire. In total, more than 2.7 million people live in "very high fire hazard severity zones", which also include areas at lesser risk.[15]

On lands under CAL FIRE's jurisdictional protection (i.e. not federal or local responsibility areas), the majority of wildfire ignitions since 1980 have been caused by humans. The four most common ignition sources for wildfires on CAL FIRE-protected lands are, in order: equipment use, powerlines, arson, and lightning.[16]

A 2023 study found that these wildfires are affecting the California ecosystem and disrupting the habitats.[17][18] It found that in the 2020 and 2021 fire seasons 58% of the area affected by wildfires occurred in those two seasons since 2012.[17][18] These two fires destroyed 30% of the habitat of 50 species as well as 100 species that had 10% of their habitats burn. 5-14% of the species' habitats burned at a "high severity."[17][18]

Statistics

Area burned per year

File:Oakland firestorm 1.jpg
Remains of houses destroyed in the Oakland firestorm of 1991
File:California fires October 2003.jpg
Satellite image from October, 2003 including Cedar Fire, one of the largest wildfires in California history

Starting in 2001, the National Interagency Fire Center began keeping more accurate records on the total fire acreage burned in each state.[19]

Year Fires Acres Hectares Ref
2000 7,622 295,026 119,393 [20]
2001 9,458 329,126 133,193 [21]
2002 8,328 969,890 392,500 [22][23]
2003 9,116 1,020,460 412,970 [24][25][26]
2004 8,415 264,988 107,237 [27][28]
2005 7,162 222,538 90,058 [29][30]
2006 8,202 736,022 297,858 [31][32]
2007 9,093 1,520,362 615,269 [20][33]
2008 6,255 1,593,690 644,940 [20]
2009 9,159 422,147 170,837 [34][35]
2010 6,554 109,529 44,325 [36]
2011 7,989 168,545 68,208 [37][38]
2012 7,950 869,599 351,914 [39]
2013 9,907 601,635 243,473 [40][41]
2014 7,865 625,540 253,150 [42][43]
2015 8,745 893,362 361,531 [44]
2016 6,986 669,534 270,951 [45][46]
2017 9,560 1,548,429 626,627 [47][48]
2018 8,527 1,975,086 799,289 [49][50]
2019 7,860 259,823 105,147 [51]
2020 9,639 4,397,809 1,779,730 [52]
2021 8,835 2,568,948 1,039,616 [53]
2022 7,490 362,455 146,680 [54]
2023 7,127 324,917 131,489 [55]
2024 8,024 1,050,012 424,925 [56]
2025 8,036 525,223 212,550 [57]
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Script error: No such module "sort". 8,119 647,537 262,049

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Largest wildfires

As of October 2, 2024, the 20 largest wildfires since 1932 according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection have been:[58]

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Fire name (cause) County Acres (hectares) Start date Structures Deaths
1. August Complex (lightning) Mendocino, Humboldt, Trinity, Tehama, Glenn, Lake, & Colusa 1,032,648 (417,898) Template:Dts 935 1
2. Dixie (power lines) Butte, Plumas, Lassen, Shasta & Tehama 963,309 (389,837) Template:Dts 1,311 1
3. Mendocino Complex (human-related) Colusa, Lake, Mendocino, & Glenn 459,123 (185,800) Template:Dts 280 1
4. Park (arson) Butte, Plumas, Shasta, & Tehama 429,603 (173,854) Template:Dts 709 0
5. SCU Lightning Complex (lightning) Stanislaus, Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, & San Joaquin 396,625 (160,508) Template:Dts 225 0
6. Creek (undetermined) Fresno & Madera 379,895 (153,738) Template:Dts 858 0
7. LNU Lightning Complex (lightning/arson) Napa, Solano, Sonoma, Yolo, Lake, & Colusa 363,220 (146,990) Template:Dts 1,491 6
8. North Complex (lightning) Butte, Plumas & Yuba 318,935 (129,068) Template:Dts 2,352 15
9. Thomas (power lines) Ventura & Santa Barbara 281,893 (114,078) Template:Dts 1,060 2
10. Cedar (human-related) San Diego 273,246 (110,579) Template:Dts 2,820 15
11. Rush (lightning) Lassen 271,911 (110,038) (+43,666 (17,671) in Nevada) Template:Dts 0 0
12. Rim (campfire) Tuolumne 257,314 (104,131) Template:Dts 112 0
13. Zaca (equipment) Santa Barbara 240,207 (97,208) Template:Dts 1 0
14. Carr (vehicle) Shasta & Trinity 229,651 (92,936) Template:Dts 1,614 8
15. Monument (lightning) Trinity 223,124 (90,295) Template:Dts 28 0
16. Caldor (bullet) Alpine, Amador, & El Dorado 221,835 (89,773) Template:Dts 1,311 1
17. Matilija (undetermined) Ventura 220,000 (89,000) Template:Dts 0 0
18. River Complex (lightning) Siskiyou & Trinity 199,359 (80,678) Template:Dts 122 0
19. Witch (power lines) San Diego 197,990 (80,120) Template:Dts 1,650 2
20. Klamath Theater Complex (lightning) Siskiyou 192,038 (77,715) Template:Dts 0 2

Deadliest wildfires

As of January 28, 2025, the 20 deadliest wildfires since 1932 according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection have been:[59]

Template:Table alignment

Fire name (cause) County Acres (hectares) Start date Structures Deaths
1. Camp (power lines) Butte 153,336 (62,053) Template:Dts 18,804 85
2. Griffith Park (unknown) Los Angeles 47 (19) Template:Dts 0 29
3. Tunnel (Rekindle) Alameda 1,600 (650) Template:Dts 2,900 25
4. Tubbs (electrical) Napa & Sonoma 36,807 (14,895) Template:Dts 5,643 22
5. Eaton

(Power Lines)

Los Angeles 14,021 (5,674) Template:Dts 9,418 19
6. North Complex (lightning) Butte, Plumas & Yuba 318,935 (129,068) Template:Dts 2,352 15
7. Cedar (signal fire) San Diego 273,246 (110,579) Template:Dts 2,820 15
8. Rattlesnake (arson) Glenn 1,340 (540) Template:Dts 0 15
9. Palisades (Rekindle) Los Angeles 23,448 (9,489) Template:Dts 6,837 12
10. Loop (unknown) Los Angeles 2,028 (821) Template:Dts 0 12
11. Hauser Creek (human-related) San Diego 13,145 (5,320) Template:Dts 0 11
12. Inaja (human-related) San Diego 43,904 (17,767) Template:Dts 0 11
13. Iron Alps Complex (lightning) Trinity 105,855 (42,838) Template:Dts 10 10
14. Redwood Valley (power lines) Mendocino 36,523 (14,780) Template:Dts 544 9
15. Harris (undetermined) San Diego 90,440 (36,600) Template:Dts 548 8
16. Canyon (unknown) Los Angeles 22,197 (8,983) Template:Dts 0 8
17. Carr (vehicle) Shasta & Trinity 229,651 (92,936) Template:Dts 1,614 8
18. LNU Lightning Complex (lightning/arson) Napa, Sonoma, Yolo, Stanislaus & Lake 363,220 (146,990) Template:Dts 1,491 6
19. Atlas (power lines) Napa & Solano 51,624 (20,891) Template:Dts 781 6
20. Old (arson) San Bernardino 91,281 (36,940) Template:Dts 1,003 6

Most destructive wildfires

As of January 28, 2025, the 20 most destructive wildfires since 1932 according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection have been:[60]

Template:Table alignment

Fire name (cause) County Acres (hectares) Start date Structures Deaths
1. Camp (power lines) Butte 153,336 (62,053) Template:Dts 18,804 85
2. Eaton (electrical) Los Angeles 14,021 (5,674) Template:Dts 9,418 18
3. Palisades (arson) Los Angeles 23,707 (9,594) Template:Dts 6,837 12
4. Tubbs (electrical) Napa & Sonoma 36,807 (14,895) Template:Dts 5,646 22
5. Tunnel (rekindle) Alameda 1,600 (650) Template:Dts 2,900 25
6. Cedar (signal fire) San Diego 273,246 (110,579) Template:Dts 2,820 15
7. North Complex (lightning) Butte, Plumas, & Yuba 318,935 (129,068) Template:Dts 2,352 15
8. Valley (electrical) Lake, Napa & Sonoma 76,067 (30,783) Template:Dts 1,955 4
9. Witch (power lines) San Diego 197,990 (80,120) Template:Dts 1,650 2
10. Woolsey (electrical) Ventura 96,949 (39,234) Template:Dts 1,643 3
11. Carr (vehicle) Shasta & Trinity 229,651 (92,936) Template:Dts 1,614 8
12. Glass (undetermined) Napa & Sonoma 67,484 (27,310) Template:Dts 1,520 0
13. LNU Lightning Complex (lightning/arson) Napa, Solano, Sonoma, Yolo, Lake, & Colusa 363,220 (146,990) Template:Dts 1,491 6
14. CZU Lightning Complex (lightning) Santa Cruz & San Mateo 86,509 (35,009) Template:Dts 1,490 1
15. Nuns (power line) Sonoma 54,382 (22,008) Template:Dts 1,355 3
16. Dixie (power line) Butte, Plumas, Lassen, & Tehama 963,309 (389,837) Template:Dts 1,311 1
17. Thomas (power line) Ventura & Santa Barbara 281,893 (114,078) Template:Dts 1,063 23
18. Caldor (bullet) Alpine, Amador, & El Dorado 221,835 (89,773) Template:Dts 1,003 1
19. Old (arson) San Bernardino 91,281 (36,940) Template:Dts 1,003 6
20. Jones (undetermined) Shasta 26,200 (10,600) Template:Dts 954 1

Areas of repeated ignition

File:Summer 2008 California wildfires on July 9.jpg
The summer 2008 wildfires were widespread and deadly, with at least 3,596 wildfires of various origins burning throughout Northern and Central California, for around four months.

In some parts of California, fires recur with some regularity. In Oakland, for example, fires of various size and ignition occurred in 1923, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1946, 1955, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1995, 2002, 2008, and 2024.[61][62][63] Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, and Los Angeles County are other examples. Orange and San Bernardino counties share a border that runs north to south through the Chino Hills State Park, with the park's landscape ranging from large green coastal sage scrub, grassland, and woodland, to areas of brown sparsely dense vegetation made drier by droughts or hot summers. The valley's grass and barren land can become easily susceptible to dry spells and drought, therefore making it a prime spot for brush fires and conflagrations, many of which have occurred since 1914. Hills and canyons have seen brush or wildfires in 1914, the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and into today.[64]

On occasion, lightning strikes from thunderstorms may also spark wildfires in areas that have seen past ignition. Examples of this are the 1999 Megram Fire, the 2008 California wildfires,[citation needed] as well as the LNU and SCU Lightning Complex fires (both in 2020).

See also

References

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  63. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rhoades, Callie (October 22, 2024). "'It would be catastrophic': After Keller Fire, Oakland officials caution against OFD cuts". The Oaklandside. The Oaklandside. Retrieved July 23, 2025.
  64. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.A 100 Year History of Wildfires Near Chino Hills State Park (PDF) (Report). Hills For Everyone. August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.

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