Korma

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Korma
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Chicken korma
Alternative namesQorma
Place of originMughal Empire
Region or stateIndia
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Iran
Afghanistan
Associated cuisineMughal cuisine
Serving temperatureHot
Main ingredientsmeat, yogurt
Food energy
(per serving)
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Korma, kurma, qorma or qurma (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a curry dish originating in the Indian subcontinent influenced by Mughlai cuisine, versions of which later were modified to Anglo-Indian and then to British tastes. It consists of meat or vegetables braised with yogurt, water or stock, and spices to produce a thick sauce or gravy.[1] The flavours of kormas are less intense than those of meat-containing dishes, and the fragrances more aromatic.[2]

Etymology

The English name is an anglicisation of the Hindi-Urdu qormā (क़ोरमा, قورمہ), meaning 'braising',[3][4] the cooking technique used in the dish.[1][5] All these words, and the names of dishes such as the Template:Langx ghormeh, the Turkish kavurma and the Azerbaijani qovurma or kavarma, are ultimately derived from the Turkic qawirma, "[a] fried thing".[4] However, korma and modern Turkish kavurma are quite different dishes.[4]

File:Korma etymology.svg
The etymology of korma. The English word is from Hindi-Urdu, derived ultimately from Turkic. The dishes named vary widely.[4]

History

Korma stems from Mughlai cuisine[6] of the Indian subcontinent. Kormas were prepared in the Mughal court kitchens;[7] according to the historian of food Neha Vermani, the dish is first mentioned in cookery books from the reign of Shah Alam (r. 1643–1712). During the 18th century, cooks in the Mughal court enriched the Persian-style stew with almonds, garlic, spices, and yoghurt.[8][9] In Hyderabad in 1832, a "korma" variety of pilau included thinly-sliced meat with rice.[10]

Indian cooks in the 19th century prepared curries for their British masters simplified and adjusted to Anglo-Indian taste. A quarama from Lucknow contained (among other ingredients) ghee, yoghurt, cream, crushed almonds, cloves, cardamom, and saffron; whereas an 1869 Anglo-Indian quorema or korma, "different in substance as well as name",[11] had no cream, almonds, or saffron, but added the then-standard British curry spices, namely coriander, ginger, and black peppercorns.[11][12]

Preparation

The korma style is similar to other braising techniques in that the meat or vegetable is first cooked briskly, or seared, using high heat, traditionally with ghee, and then subjected to long, slow cooking using moist heat and a minimum of added liquid.[1] The pot may be sealed with dough during the last stages of cooking, using a technique called dum or dampokhtak. The spices are prepared using the bagar tempering technique, briefly fried in hot oil. in the later stage of cooking, additional spices are mixed with heated ghee and then combined with the sauce formed by the braising. The pan is then covered and shaken to release steam and mix the contents.[1] As cooking ends, butter or cream is sometimes added.[13] In modern Bangladeshi cuisine, some cooks use a thick evaporated milk in place of yoghurt.[14]

Serving

Korma is eaten in various contexts in the modern Indian subcontinent. In banquets for Muslim weddings, a mutton korma is often eaten, and in the traditional wazwan, a banquet produced by Hindu and Muslim cooks for a range of celebrations, lamb and chicken kormas are common elements. Korma is also a common dish in tora, dishes sent to another's home in a practice originating in restrictions on women's presentation to members outside the home.[10] Korma is among the most popular dishes in Pakistan, where it is commonly eaten at lunch, and at feasts that end days of fasts during Ramadan.[15]

A common food eaten with the dish is sheermal, a flatbread flavoured with saffron.[10] In Awadh, a historical region of Northern India now corresponding with Uttar Pradesh, silver leaf (vark) is a common garnish, and Pushpesh Pant writes that "no korma or pulao can be served without it".[2] In areas of New Delhi, jaggery is often served with korma in winter months, based on the belief that it can help "the ghee go down".[16]

Variations

File:Navratan Korma (Mughal Kitchen).JPG
Navratan korma

Navratan korma is a vegetarian korma made with vegetables and either paneer (an Indian cheese) or nuts – or sometimes both. Navratan means "nine gems", and it is common for the recipe to include nine different vegetables.[17][18]

In Indonesia

In Indonesia, korma or 'gulai kurma' is traditionally cooked with coconut milk instead of yoghurt, and it can use the sour flavouring tamarind to replace the acidity of yoghurt. The dish fuses Indian cooking with both Arabic and Minang cuisine. The word kurma means "date" in Malay/Indonesian, but the dish does not contain dates.[19]

In the United Kingdom

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In the United Kingdom, a typical korma as served in curry houses is a mildly spiced dish with a thick sauce. It often features almonds, cashews or other nuts, and coconut.[20] In the early 21st century, chicken korma has repeatedly been cited as amongst the most popular curries in the UK.[21][22][23] The celebrity cook Jamie Oliver uses korma curry paste and coconut milk in his recipes for quickly-prepared fish curry and spiced prawn soup.[24]

In the United States

A dish called chicken korma was popularly introduced to the United States with the 1954 publication of Myra Waldo's Round-the-World Cookbook. Waldo modified a dish of marinated chicken and sauteed chicken that was then popular in America by adding black pepper, coriander, cumin, turmeric, and chilli powder blend, or just curry powder. Though it was unlike the korma eaten in India, it was perceived as exotic, as many of these spices had only just been introduced to the American diet.[25]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh, Dharamjit (1973). Indian Cookery. Penguin Books. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0140461411.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pant, Pushpesh (2010). India: The Cookbook. London & New York: Phaidon Press. pp. 17, 786. ISBN 978-0-7148-5902-6.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of Korma". Merriam-Webster. 2022. Hindi & Urdu qormā, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish kavurma fried meat, from kavur- to fry, roast
  4. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Perry, Charles (2010). "Korma, Kavurma, Ghormeh: A family, or not so much?". In Hosking, Richard (ed.). Food and Language: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009. Prospect Books. pp. 254–256.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."korma". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Anand, Anjum (30 October 2007). "My Chicken Korma". The Times Online. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chapman, Pat (2009). India: Food and Cooking. New Holland Publishers. p. 26.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khan, Tarana Husain (6 December 2022). "Qorma: A short history of a long journey in the making of this South Asian staple". Harper's Bazaar India. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khan, Tarana Husain (2022). "Weddings and the Repletion of Taar Roti and Qorma". Degh to Dastarkhwan: Qissas and Recipes from Rampur Cuisine. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143451464.
  10. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sen, Colleen Taylor (2015). Feasts and Fasts: A history of food in India. Reaktion Books. pp. 154, 203, 206. ISBN 978-1-78023-352-9.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Collingham, Lizzie (2006) [2005 (Chatto & Windus)]. Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. London: Vintage Books. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0-099-43786-4.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thirty-Five Years' Resident (1869). "Kurma or Quorema Curry". The Indian Cookery Book. Calcutta: Wyman & Co. p. 22. This, without exception, is one of the richest of Hindoostanee curries, but it is quite unsuited to European taste, if made according to the original recipe, of which the following is a copy:
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sen, Colleen Taylor (2004). Food Culture in India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 76. ISBN 0-313-32487-5.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Banerji, Chitrita (2017). "Common Ways of Cooking Bengali Food". Bengali Cooking: Seasons and Festivals. New Delhi: Aleph Books. ISBN 978-93-86021-59-5.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sen, Colleen Taylor (2011). Ken Albala (ed.). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 198, 200. ISBN 978-0-313-37627-6.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Timms, Pamela (2014). "11: God's Own Street Food". Korma, Kheer and Kismet: five seasons in Old Delhi. New Delhi: Aleph. ISBN 978-9-38227714-9.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Verma Sarkar, Petrina (16 December 2014). "Navratan Korma – Nine-gem Curry". about.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Martin, James. "Navratan Korma (Nine-Jewel Korma) and Sada Pulao (Cashew Nut and Raisin Bengali Pulao)". James Martin. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Arofani, Prila (29 January 2020). "Cara Membuat Ayam Kurma yang Gampang, Endeus Banget!" [how to make an easy Chicken Kurma, very tasty!]. IDN Times (in Bahasa Indonesia). Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Korma is nation's favourite curry as Brits shun spicy tastes". The Daily Telegraph. 7 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hayward, Stephen (7 October 2017). "Chicken tikka masala no longer Britain's favourite curry – here's the new titleholder". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edwards, Lauren (7 October 2024). "Tikka masala reigns as Britain's top curry choice, with many avoiding hotter alternatives". BerkshireLive. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Oliver, Jamie. "So Easy Fish Curry; Speedy Spiced Prawn Soup". 5 Ingredients-Quick & Easy Food: The UK edition. Penguin Books 2017.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bender, Daniel E (2023). The Food Adventurers: How around-the-world travel changed the way we eat. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 229–230. ISBN 978-1-78914-757-5.

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