Shipibo–Konibo language

Shipibo-Conibo
Shipibo
Native to	Peru
Region	Ucayali Region
Ethnicity	Shipibo-Conibo people
Native speakers	26,000 (2003)
Language family	Panoan Mainline Panoan Nawa Chama Shipibo-Conibo
Dialects	Shipibo–Konibo Kapanawa ?Xipináwa †
Language codes
ISO 639-3	shp
Glottolog	ship1254
ELP	Template:Endangered Languages Project
Linguasphere	Template:Infobox language/lingualist
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Shipibo (also Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo-Konibo) is a Panoan language spoken in Peru and Brazil by approximately 26,000 speakers.

History

In 1557, the Spanish explorer Juan de Salinas y Loyola encountered the Kokama and Pariache; the latter have been identified as Konibo. He described them as though they has been organized into a chiefdom. Theoughout the 18th century, the Shipibo, Konibo, and Xetebo allied with the Kokama to defend their territory from the Spaniards; they were succesful until 1790. Afterwards, the Franciscans missionized them until their expulsion in the 1820s. They produced the first surviving works on Shipibo-Konibo, including a Konibo grammar sketch and vocabulary in 1800, though these would remain unpublished until a century later.

Dialects

File:Shipibo jar (UBC-2010)a.jpg

A Shipibo jar

Shipibo has three attested dialects:

• Shipibo 'tamarin monkey ones' and Konibo (Conibo) 'eel ones', which have merged
• Kapanawa of the Tapiche River, which is obsolescent

Extinct Xipináwa (Shipinawa) is thought to have been a dialect as well, but there is no linguistic data.

Phonology

Vowels

File:Shipibo monophthongs chart.svg

Monophthongs of Shipibo, from Template:Harvcoltxt

Monophthong phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ĩ ⟨i⟩		ɯ ɯ̃ ⟨e⟩
Mid			o õ ⟨o⟩
Open		a ã ⟨a⟩

In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong. and are lower than their cardinal counterparts (in addition to being more front in the latter case): [i̞], [o̽], is more front than cardinal [ɯ]: [ɯ̟], whereas is more close and more central [ɐ] than cardinal [a]. The first three vowels tend to be somewhat more central in closed syllables, whereas before coronal consonants (especially ) can be as central as [ɨ].

Nasalization

The oral vowels are phonetically nasalized after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes . Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than intervenes.

Unstressed vowels

The second of two adjacent unstressed vowels is often elided. Unstressed vowels may be devoiced or even elided between two voiceless obstruents.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palato- alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩
Plosive		p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩			k ⟨c/qu⟩
Affricate			ts ⟨ts⟩		tʃ ⟨ch⟩
Fricative	voiceless		s ⟨s⟩	ʂ ⟨s̈h⟩	ʃ ⟨sh⟩		h ⟨j⟩
	voiced	β ⟨b⟩
Approximant		w ⟨hu⟩		ɻ ⟨r⟩	j ⟨y⟩

• are bilabial, whereas is labial–velar.
  • is most typically a fricative [β], but other realizations (such as an approximant [β̞], a stop [b] and an affricate [bβ]) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables.
• are alveolar , whereas is dental [t̪].
• The distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one.
• is velar, whereas is palatal.
• Before nasal vowels, are nasalized and may be even realized close to nasal stops .
• is realized as [w] before , as [ɥ] before and as [ɰ] before . It does not occur before .
• is a very variable sound:
  • Intervocalically, it is realized either as continuant, with or without weak frication ([ɻ] or [ʐ]).
  • Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate , or a stop-approximant sequence .
  • It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap [ɾ̠].

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.
• Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2000). El Acento en Shipibo (Stress in Shipibo). Thesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima - Peru.
• Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2005). Theoretical Aspects of Panoan Metrical Phonology: Disyllabic Footing and Contextual Syllable Weight. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers University. ROA 804 [1].
• Fleck, David W. (10 October 2013). "Panoan Languages and Linguistics" (PDF). Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History (99): 1–112. doi:10.5531/sp.anth.0099. hdl:2246/6448. ISSN 0065-9452.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. Template:ISBN.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Loriot, James and Barbara E. Hollenbach. 1970. "Shipibo paragraph structure." Foundations of Language 6: 43–66. (This was the seminal Discourse Analysis paper taught at SIL in 1956–7.)
• Loriot, James, Erwin Lauriault, and Dwight Day, compilers. 1993. Diccionario shipibo - castellano. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 31. Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 554 p. (Spanish zip-file available online http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=928474530143&Lang=eng) This has a complete grammar published in English by SIL only available through SIL.
• Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109

External links

• Shipibo-Conibo at Ethnologue
• Lengua Shipibo at Proel
• Shipibo-Conibo (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)