COinS

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(Redirected from ContextObjects in Spans)

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A window of a referrer is open on a wikipedia article using citation templates with embedded COinS tags
An example of referrers acting on a Wikipedia article using citation templates with embedded COinS tags

ContextObjects in Spans (COinS) is a method to embed bibliographic metadata in the HTML code of web pages. This allows bibliographic software to publish machine-readable bibliographic items and client reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. The metadata can also be sent to an OpenURL resolver. This allows, for instance, searching for a copy of a book at a specific library.[1]

History

In the late 1990s, OpenURL was created at Ghent University as a framework to provide context-sensitive links. The OpenURL link server implementation called SFX was sold to Ex Libris Group which marketed it to libraries, shaping the idea of a "link resolver". The OpenURL framework was later standardized as ANSI/NISO Z39.88 in 2004 (revised 2010).[2] A core part of OpenURL was the concept of "ContextObjects" as metadata to describe referenced resources.

In late 2004, Richard Cameron, the creator of CiteULike, drew attention to the need for a standard way of embedding metadata in HTML pages.[3] In January 2005, Daniel Chudnov suggested the use of OpenURL.[4] Embedding OpenURL ContextObjects in HTML had been proposed before by Herbert Van de Sompel and Oren Beit-Arie[5] and a working paper by Chudnov and Jeremy Frumkin.[6] Discussion of the latter on the GPS-PCS mailing list[7] resulted in a draft specification for embedding OpenURLs in HTML,[8] which later became COinS. A ContextObject is embedded in an HTML span element.

The adoption of COinS was pushed by various publications and implementations. The specification was OCOinS.info, which includes specific guides to implement COinS for journal articles and books.[9] Despite the specification webpage no longer being live, the standard is still usable, though fairly rare.[10]

Data model

From OpenURL 1.0, COinS borrows one of its serialization formats ("KEV") and some ContextObject metadata formats included in OpenURL implementation guidelines.[11] The ContextObject implementation guidelines of COinS include four publication types (article with several subtypes, book, patent, and generic) and a couple of simple fields. However, the guidelines are not a required part of COinS, so the standard does not provide a strict metadata model like Dublin Core or the Bibliographic Ontology.

Use

The use of COinS is still fairly rare.[12][10]

The following websites make use of COinS:

Server-side applications

Some server-side applications embed COinS, including refbase.[14]

Client tools

Client tools which can make use of COinS include:

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chudnov, Daniel (2006-07-14). "COinS for the Link Trail". Library Journal: 8–10. Archived from the original on 2006-10-22.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.ANSI/NISO Z39.88-2004(R2010) – The OpenURL Framework for Context-Sensitive Services. National Information Standards Organization. 2004. ISBN 978-1-880124-61-1. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cameron, Richard (2004-12-20). "Autodiscovery and embedding metadata". gcs-pcs-list. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chudnov, Daniel (2005-01-06). "sample inline openurl". gcs-pcs-list. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Van de Sompel, Herbert; Beit-Arie, Oren (July–August 2001). "Generalizing the OpenURL Framework beyond References to Scholarly Works – The Bison-Futé Model". D-Lib Magazine. 7 (7/8). doi:10.1045/july2001-vandesompel. ISSN 1082-9873.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chudnov, Daniel; Frumkin, Jeremy (2004-12-10). "Service Autodiscovery for Rapid Information Movement". curtis.med.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 2004-12-15.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."gcs-pcs-list". Google Groups. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hellman, Eric (ed.). "Latent OpenURLs in HTML for Resource Autodiscovery, Localization and Personalization" (draft). OCOinS.info. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."OpenURL COinS: A Convention to Embed Bibliographic Metadata in HTML". ocoins.info. Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tan, Hao (2025-11-11). "Making Research Easier to Save: A Guide to Zotero Integration for Academic Websites". Center For Digital Humanities@Princeton. Retrieved 2025-12-10.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Apps, Ann (2003-04-16). "Z39.88-2004 KEV Implementation Guidelines". MIMAS, The University of Manchester, UK. Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bleier, Roman (2021-10-15). "How to cite this digital edition?". Digital Humanities Quarterly. 15 (3). ISSN 1938-4122.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Wikipedia:COinS". Wikipedia. 2019-12-17.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Standard link resolver support: OpenURL & COinS". refbase. Archived from the original on 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."BibDesk Help: 5.10.5 Web Group". bibdesk.sourceforge.io. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Importing with the Hunter". Citavi Manual. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reichelt, Jan (2009-08-05). "Mendeley Web now supports COinS". Mendeley Blog. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."dev:exposing metadata:coins". Zotero Documentation. Retrieved 2023-03-11.

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "webarchive". "A Convention to Embed Bibliographic Metadata in HTML"
  • Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  • Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  • Script error: No such module "webarchive". – from Online Computer Library Center

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