Kabul River
Template:Pp Template:Short description
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| Kabul River | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Aerial photo of Kabul River flood-plain east of Kabul, Afghanistan | |
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| Native name | Template:Native name checker |
| Location | |
| Countries | Afghanistan and Pakistan |
| Cities | Kabul, Surobi, Jalalabad (Afghanistan); Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera (Pakistan) |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Indus River |
• location | Near Kund Park, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan |
• coordinates | Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. |
• elevation | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| Length | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
Basin size | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| • minimum | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| • average | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| • maximum | Template:Infobox river/calcunit |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Template:RIndus |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Panjshir River, Alingar River, Chitral River, Swat River |
| • right | Logar River, Surkhab River, Bara River |
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The Kabul River[a] is a 700-kilometre-long (430 mi) river that emerges in the Sanglakh Range of the Hindu Kush mountains in the northeastern part of Maidan Wardak Province, Afghanistan. It is separated from the watershed of the Helmand River by the Unai Pass. The Kabul River empties into the Indus River near Attock, Pakistan. It is the major river in eastern Afghanistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.[1]
Names
Kabul River was known as the Kubha (Template:Langx) and Cophen (Template:Langx; /ˈkoʊfeɪn/) in ancient times.[2][3]
The word Kubhā which is the ancient name of the river is both a Sanskrit and Avestan word. The word later changed to Kābul.[3][4]
Al-Biruni, a Persian polymath, also called it "the River of Ghorwand".[5]
The Kabul River later gave its name to the region and to the settlement of Kabul.[5]
Course
The Kabul River, which measures 700 kilometres or 435 miles long, rises in the Sanglākh Range[6] at Sar Čašma, located at an elevation of 14,000 feet above sea level in the Kōh-e Bābā mountains northwest of Kabul.[7] It passes through the cities of Kabul and Jalalabad in Afghanistan. Its large drainage basin covers the eastern provinces of Nangarhār, Kunar, Laghmān, Lōgar, Kabul, Kāpisā, Parwān, Panjshēr, and Bāmyān before it flows into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan some 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of the Durand Line border crossing at Torkham.[8]
In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the river passes through the cities of Peshawar, Charsadda, and Nowshera. The major tributaries of the Kabul River are the Logar, Panjshir, Alingar, Surkhab, Chitral, Bara, and Swat rivers.[9]
Hydrology
The Kabul River is little more than a trickle for most of the year, but swells in summer due to melting snows in the Hindu Kush Range. Its largest tributary is the Chitral River, which starts out as the Mastuj River, flowing from the Chiantar Glacier in Brughil Valley in Chitral, Pakistan and after flowing south into Afghanistan it is met by the Bashgal River flowing from Nurestan. The Chitral meets the Kabul near Jalalabad. In spite of the Chitral carrying more water than the Kabul, the river continues as the Kabul River after this confluence, mainly for the political and historical significance of the name. The annual mean discharge near Nowshehra just before it falls into Indus is Template:Cvt; out of which Chitral River contributes over Template:Cvt,[1] while Swat River which joins it near Charsadda contributes over Template:Cvt.[10]
Dams
The Kabul River is impounded by several dams that were constructed in the 20th century. Three dams are located in the Kabul and Nangarhar provinces of Afghanistan, including the Surobi dam, a hydroelectric source for Kabul constructed 1957 with assistance by Germany, the Naghlu and the Darunta dams which were built by Soviet scientists in the 1960s. The Warsak Dam is also in the Peshawar Valley in Pakistan, approximately 20 km northwest of the city of Peshawar.[8]
History
Expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia
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In Arrian's The Campaigns of Alexander, the River Kabul is referred to as Κωφήν Kōphēn (Latin spelling Cophen).[2][11][12][13] In the Second Book of the Life of Apollonius of Tyana by Philostratus, Apollonius fords the Cophen on his way from crossing the Caucasus to the Indus Valley.
Modern era
Since the 1990s, the river has experienced substantial droughts in summer.[8] In approximately March 2019, ten of thousands of gallons of untreated sewage from the Makroyan Waste Water Treatment Plant has been dumped into the Kabul River each month, reportedly causing gastrointestinal issues among the 3,000 families that live along the river.[14]
See also
Notes
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References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baig, Sohaib; Hasson, Shabeh ul (2023-12-21). "Flood Inundation and Streamflow Changes in the Kabul River Basin under Climate Change". Sustainability. 16 (1): 116. Bibcode:2023Sust...16..116B. doi:10.3390/su16010116. ISSN 2071-1050.
- ^ a b Arrian, John Rooke; Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Arrian (1813). "A brief account of all the authors who have touched upon the history of Alexander". Arrian's History of the expedition of Alexander the Great: and conquest of Persia. Translated by Rooke, John (2nd ed.). J. Davis.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, A. K. Majumdar, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Vishvanath Govind Dighe Published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1962). The History and Culture of the Indian People : The Vedic age. p. 247.
The Kubha is the modern Kabul river which flows into the Indus a little above Attock and receives at Prang the joint flow of its tributaries the Swat (Swastu) and Gauri
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Muir, John. Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India. p. 352.
'In the older parts of the Rigved the Indian people appear to be settled on the north western border of India, in the Punjab and even beyond the Punjab on the borders of the Kubha river the Kowpher in Kabul. The gradual diffusion of these people from this point towards the east, beyond the Saraswati and Hindustan as far as the Ganges, can be traced almost step by step in the later portions of the Vedic writings
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bosworth, C.E. (1999). "Kabul". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kabul River | Afghanistan, Pakistan, Map, & Length | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2025-05-21.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."KABUL RIVER". referenceworks.brill.com. Retrieved 2025-05-21.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilde, A (April 19, 2012). "Kabul River".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."One Land, Two Rules (9): Delivering public services in insurgency-affected Jalrez district of Wardak province". Afghan Analysts Network. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Feasibility study on the development of Munda Dam multipurpose project in Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Final report; Vol. 3. -Supporting report" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency: Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.: Nippon Giken Inc. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2022.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). Alexander the Great. Haus Publishing. ISBN 1-904341-56-X.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Heckel, Waldemar (2003). The wars of Alexander the Great, 336-323 B.C. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-96855-0.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Arrian (2005). Romm, James S. (ed.). Alexander the Great: selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius. Translated by Mensch, Pamela. Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0-87220-727-7.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lawrence, J.P.; Babakarkhail, Zubair (September 12, 2020). "Sewage from US Embassy, NATO headquarters dumped into Kabul River due to aging infrastructure". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
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External links
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