Cronyism
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Cronyism is awarding positions, jobs, contracts, loans, privileges, or advantages to friends or colleagues. It is used especially in politics, when referring to partiality between politicians and businesses.[1] A person who supports or partakes in cronyism is referred to as a crony, cronie, or cronyist.
Cronyism occurs when appointing "cronies" to positions of authority regardless of their qualifications.[2] This is in contrast to a meritocracy, in which appointments are made based on merit. Politically, "cronyism" is derogatorily used to imply buying and selling favors, such as votes in legislative bodies, doing favors to organizations, or giving desirable ambassadorships to exotic places.[3]
Etymology
The word crony first appeared in 17th-century London, according to the Oxford English Dictionary; it is believed to be derived from the Greek word Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".), meaning 'long term'.[4]
Concept
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Government officials are particularly susceptible to accusations of cronyism, as they spend taxpayers' money. Many democratic governments are encouraged to practice administrative transparency in accounting and contracting, but there often is no clear delineation of when an appointment to government office is "cronyism".[5]
In the private sector, cronyism exists in organizations, often termed "the old boys' club" or "the golden circle"; again, the boundary between cronyism and "networking" is difficult to delineate.[6]
Cronyism describes relationships existing among mutual acquaintances in private organizations where business, business information, and social interaction are exchanged among influential personnel. This is termed crony capitalism,[5] and is an ethical breach of the principles of the market economy; in advanced economies, crony capitalism is a breach of market regulations.
The economic and social costs of cronyism are paid by society. Those costs are in the form of reduced business opportunity for the majority of the population, reduced competition in the marketplace, inflated consumer goods prices, decreased economic performance, inefficient business investment cycles, reduced motivation in affected organizations, and the diminution of economically productive activity.[6]
See also
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."cronyism American English definition and synonyms - Macmillan Dictionary".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."the definition of cronyism". dictionary.reference.com.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nadler, Judy; Schulman, Miriam. "Favoritism, Cronyism, and Nepotism". Santa Clara University. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Oxford Dictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Crony Capitalism: Unhealthy Relations Between Business and Government". CED.com. Committee for Economic Development.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Staff (2010). "Do Old Boys' Clubs Make The Market More Efficient?". The Free Marketeers. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Begley, Thomas M.; Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W. K. (2010). "Networks and cronyism: A social exchange analysis". Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 27 (2): 281–297. doi:10.1007/s10490-009-9137-4. S2CID 143799762.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bryce, Robert (2004). Cronies: Oil, the Bushes, and the Rise of Texas, America's Superstate. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586481889. LCCN 2003070694.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W. K.; Begley, Thomas M. (2006). "Cronyism: A Cross-Cultural Analysis". Journal of International Business Studies. 37 (1): 61–75. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400171. JSTOR 3875215. S2CID 18930227.
[Also in T. G. Andrews and R. Mead (Eds.), Cross Cultural Management, Volume 2 -The Impact of Culture 1: 126–150. Routledge, UK.] - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W. K.; Begley, Thomas M. (2003). "Cronyism: The Downside of Social Networking". Academy of Management Proceedings. 2003: C1–C6. doi:10.5465/ambpp.2003.13792813.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W. K. (2003). "Antecedents and Consequences of Cronyism in Organizations". Journal of Business Ethics. 43 (4): 289–303. doi:10.1023/A:1023081629529. S2CID 142479179.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021). "Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-level Evidence from Lebanon". Journal of Development Studies. 57 (8): 1373–1396. doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622. S2CID 229717871.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hudson, Sarah; Claasen, Cyrlene (2017). "Nepotism and Cronyism as a Cultural Phenomenon?". The Handbook of Business and Corruption: 95–118. doi:10.1108/978-1-78635-445-720161006. ISBN 978-1-78635-446-4.
External links
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- "Favoritism, Cronyism, and Nepotism". Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University.
- SuperNews: Hurricane Katrina - A political flash cartoon about the cronyism surrounding Michael D. Brown and Hurricane Katrina.
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