Kunza language
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| Kunza | |
|---|---|
| Atacameño, Ckunsa | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
| Native to | Chile, Peru, Bolivia |
| Region | Atacama Desert |
| Ethnicity | 2,000 Atacama |
| Extinct | after 1964?[1] |
| Revival | 2020s |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kuz |
| Glottolog | kunz1244 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
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| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Historic geographical extent of the Kunza language[1] | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Atacameño is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
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Kunza (Template:Langx) is the extinct language isolate of the Atacama people, once spoken in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile and southern Peru who have since shifted to Spanish. The last speaker was documented in 1964; however, there is currently a revitalization effort.[2]
Other names and spellings include Cunza, Ckunsa, Script error: No such module "Lang"., Lipe, Ulipe, and Atacameño. The word Script error: No such module "Lang". means 'our' in Kunza.[3]
From what data is available, it is believed that it is a polysynthetic language. However, there is not sufficient information to determine which languages it was related to, if any. Thus, it is conventionally classified as a language isolate.
History
The language was spoken in northern Chile, specifically in the Chilean villages of Peine, Socaire (near the Salar de Atacama), and Caspana, and in southern Peru.
The last Kunza speaker was found in 1949, although there are reports of some having been found in 1953 according to anthropologists.[4] Loukotka (1968) reports a few speakers in Bolivia and in the village of Peine in Chile.[1] There are 2,000 Atacameños as of 2004.[5]
A revitalization effort was initiated in the 21st century.[6]
Classification
Kaufman (1990) found a proposed connection between Kunza and the likewise unclassified Kapixaná to be plausible;[7] however, the language was more fully described in 2004, and the general consensus among linguists was that both languages are isolates.[8]
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Mochika, Kandoshi, Jaqi, Kechua, Mapudungun, and Uru-Chipaya language families due to contact.[9]
Phonology
Consonants
The vocabulary of Kunza is well-documented, but the phonetic realizations of lexical transcriptions are not so certain due to the widely differing systems of transcription that were used. Because of this, the accepted phonologic system for Kunza is tentative, and potentially even speculation. Even so, it is well known that the stops and affricates were distinguished between plain and glottalized (the latter being represented by a doubled consonant in some transcriptions, even in initial position).
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Postvelar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k | q | ʔ |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡ʃʼ | (kʼ) | (qʼ) | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | ɬ | s | x | χ | h | ||
| voiced | β | ɣ | ||||||
| Approximant | (w) | l | j | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
/w/ is only present in loanwords. /kʼ/ and /qʼ/ are not directly attested, but are presumed to have been present based on data collected in 1981. Velar and postvelar sounds are not consistently distinguished in the data.
Vowels
The use of doubled vowels in transcriptions suggest the existence of a contrast of length. Very few words begin with a vowel, almost all of them being non-lexical grammatical words. The only vowels possible in initial position are Script error: No such module "IPA"..
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | (ə) | o oː |
| Open | a aː |
Grammar
Pronouns
According to the work of Vaïsse, Peyró, Schuhmacher and Adelaar, the following schema can be proposed:
Personal pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 2nd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 3rd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Note that Script error: No such module "Lang". corresponds to the relative Script error: No such module "Lang". with the plural marker Script error: No such module "Lang".. The forms with the added absolutive case suffix would be: Script error: No such module "Lang"..
Possessive pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 2nd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 3rd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Note that the possessive marker is the suffix Script error: No such module "Lang"., which is added directly to the roots of the personal pronouns.
San Román proposed a different way of marking possession, by means of prefixes added to the possessed object. The phonetic realizations are only hypothetical:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 2nd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 3rd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
According to this system, the possessive is marked in a way demonstrated in the following table, using the words Script error: No such module "Lang". (father) and Script error: No such module "Lang". (dog) as examples. Note that the final suffix Script error: No such module "Lang". is a copula.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
| 2nd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
| 3rd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
San Román also proposed a system of conjugation that is exemplified with the verb Script error: No such module "Lang". (to speak) in the following table:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 2nd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 3rd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sample text
In 1867, Johann Jakob von Tschudi collected two versions of the prayer Our Father in Kunza.
Version 1
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Version 2
Script error: No such module "Lang".
See also
- Macro-Paesan languages
- Arackar, a species of dinosaur whose name is derived from Kunza
References
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- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Wilbert, Johannes (ed.). Classification of South American Indian Languages (PDF) (4th ed.). Latin American Center, UCLA. p. 239. ISBN 9780879031077.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bartlett, John (October 17, 2024). "In Chile a language on the verge of extinction, stirs into life". NPR.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vaïsse, Emilio F (1896). Glosario de la Lengua Atacameña (PDF). Santiago: Imprenta Cervantes.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Miyaoka, Osahito; Sakiyama, Osamu; Krauss, Michael E., eds. (2007). The vanishing languages of the Pacific rim. Oxford linguistics. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-0-19-926662-3. OCLC 71004259.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Adelaar, Willem; Muysken, Pieter (2004). The Languages of the Andes. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 380.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bartlett, John; Dixon, Greg (2024-05-17). "Saving a Language in Chile". State of the World. NPR. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more". In Payne, Doris L. (ed.). Amazonian linguistics: studies in lowland South American languages. Texas linguistics series (1st ed.). Austin, Tex: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72364-1.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Campbell, Lyle (2024). The indigenous languages of the Americas: history and classification. Oxford scholarship online. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-767349-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
External links
- Kunza Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
- Spanish-Kunza dictionary online
- Bibliography about Kunza
- Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KUNZA[1]
- Kunza (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
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