Dʿmt
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Kingdom of Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
|---|---|
| 8th c. BC–4th c. BC | |
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| Capital | Yeha[1] |
| Common languages | Geʽez |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Historical era | Iron Age |
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Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt (Template:Langx; theoretically vocalized Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".[2] or Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".[3]) was a Ethio-SabaeanLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. kingdom located in present-day Eritrea and the northern Tigray Region of Ethiopia.
The exact dates of its existence remain unknown. However, a timeframe spanning from the end of the 8th century BC to the 6th century BC is a hypothesis.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Few inscriptions by or about this kingdom survive, and very little archaeological work has taken place. As a result, it is not known whether Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt ended as a civilization before the Kingdom of Aksum's early stages, evolved into the Aksumite state, or was one of the smaller states united in the Kingdom of Aksum, possibly around 150 BC.[4] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found.
History
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Given the presence of a large temple complex, the capital of Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt may have been present-day Yeha, in Tigray Region, Ethiopia.[1] At Yeha, the temple to the god Ilmuqah is still standing.[5]
The kingdom developed irrigation schemes, used plows, grew millet, and made iron tools and weapons.[citation needed]
Some modern historians including Stuart Munro-Hay, Rodolfo Fattovich, Ayele Bekerie, Cain Felder, and Ephraim Isaac consider this civilization to be indigenous, although Sabaean-influenced due to the latter's dominance of the Red Sea, while others like Joseph Michels, Henri de Contenson, Tekle-Tsadik Mekouria, and Stanley Burstein have viewed Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaeans and indigenous peoples.[6][7] Some sources consider the Sabaean influence to be minor, limited to a few localities, and disappeared after a few decades or a century, perhaps representing a trading or military colony in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumite state.[8][9]
Archaeologist Rodolfo Fattovich believed that there was a division in the population of Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt and northern Ethiopia due to the kings ruling over the 'sb (Sabaeans) and the 'br, the 'Reds' and the 'Blacks'.[10] Fattovich also noted that the known kings of Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt worshipped both South Arabian and indigenous gods named 'str, Hbs, Dt Hmn, Rb, Šmn, Ṣdqn and Šyhn.[10]
After the fall of Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller unknown successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century BC, the Aksumite Kingdom.[11]
Known rulers
The following is a list of four known rulers of Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.dʿmt, in chronological order:[7]
| Term | Name | Consort name | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dates from ca. 700 BC to ca. 650 BC | |||
| Mlkn Wʿrn Ḥywt | ʿArky(t)n | contemporary of the Sabaean mukarrib Karib'il Watar | |
| Mkrb, Mlkn Rdʿm | Smʿt | ||
| Mkrb, Mlkn Ṣrʿn Rbḥ | Yrʿt | Son of Wʿrn Ḥywt, "King Ṣrʿn of the tribe YGʿḎ [=Agʿazi, cognate to Ge'ez], mkrb of DʿMT and SB'" | |
| Mkrb, Mlkn Ṣrʿn Lmn | ʿAdt | Son of Rbḥ, contemporary of the Sabaean mukarrib Sumuhu'alay, "King Ṣrʿn of the tribe YGʿḎ, mkrb of DʿMT and SB'" |
See also
References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shaw, Thurstan (1995), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, p. 612, ISBN 978-0-415-11585-8
- ^ L'Arabie préislamique et son environnement historique et culturel: actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 24–27 Juin 1987; page 264
- ^ Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A–C; page 174
- ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.), Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 185.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stuart Munro-Hay (2002). Ethiopia: The Unknown Land. I.B. Taurus. p. 18.
- ^ Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, p. 57.
- ^ a b Nadia Durrani, The Tihamah Coastal Plain of South-West Arabia in its Regional context c. 6000 BC – AD 600 (Society for Arabian Studies Monographs No. 4) . Oxford: Archaeopress, 2005, p. 121.
- ^ Munro-Hay, Aksum, p. 57.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Phillipson (2009). "The First Millennium BC in the Highlands of Northern Ethiopia and South–Central Eritrea: A Reassessment of Cultural and Political Development". African Archaeological Review. 26 (4): 257–274. doi:10.1007/s10437-009-9064-2. S2CID 154117777.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fattovich, Rodolfo (1990). "Remarks on the Pre-Aksumite Period in Northern Ethiopia". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 23: 17. ISSN 0304-2243. JSTOR 44324719.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard K.P. Addis Tribune, "Let's Look Across the Red Sea I", January 17, 2003 (archive.org mirror copy)
Sources
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Avanzini, Alessandra (2016). By land and by sea: a history of South Arabia before Islam recounted from inscriptions. L'Erma Di Bretschneider.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Prioletta, Alessia; Robin, Christian Julien; Schiettecatte, Jérémie; Gajda, Iwona; Nuʿmān, Khaldūn Hazzāʿ (2021). "Sabaeans on the Somali coast". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 32 (S1): 328. doi:10.1111/aae.12202.
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