Diisobutylaluminium hydride

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Diisobutylaluminium hydride
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Names
IUPAC name
Diisobutylaluminium hydride
Other names
DIBAH; DIBAL; DiBAlH; DIBAL-H; DIBALH
Identifiers
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3D model (JSmol)
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  • InChI=1S/2C4H9.Al.H/c2*1-4(2)3;;/h2*4H,1H2,2-3H3;; checkY
    Key: AZWXAPCAJCYGIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/2C4H9.Al.H/c2*1-4(2)3;;/h2*4H,1H2,2-3H3;;/rC8H19Al/c1-7(2)5-9-6-8(3)4/h7-9H,5-6H2,1-4H3
    Key: AZWXAPCAJCYGIA-DFAADSFOAF
  • CC(C)C[AlH]CC(C)C
Properties
C8H19Al (monomer)
C16H38Al2 (dimer)
Molar mass 142.22 g/mol (monomer)
284.44 g/mol (dimer)
Appearance Colorless liquid
Density 0.798 g/cm3
Melting point −80 °C (−112 °F; 193 K)
Boiling point 116 to 118 °C (241 to 244 °F; 389 to 391 K) at 1 mmHg
Reacts with water
Solubility Soluble in hydrocarbons, THF, and ether
Hazards
Structure
C2h
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Template:Chembox Footer/trackingTemplate:Short description

Diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBALH, DIBAL, DIBAL-H or DIBAH) is a reducing agent with the formula (i-Bu2AlH)2, where i-Bu represents isobutyl (-CH2CH(CH3)2). This organoaluminium compound is a reagent in organic synthesis.[1]

Properties

Like most organoaluminum compounds, the compound's structure is most probably more than that suggested by its empirical formula. A variety of techniques, not including X-ray crystallography, suggest that the compound exists as a dimer and a trimer, consisting of tetrahedral aluminium centers sharing bridging hydride ligands.[2] Hydrides are small and, for aluminium derivatives, are highly basic, thus they bridge in preference to the alkyl groups.

DIBAL can be prepared by heating triisobutylaluminium (itself a dimer) to induce β-hydride elimination:[3]

(i-Bu3Al)2 → (i-Bu2AlH)2 + 2 (CH3)2C=CH2

Although DIBAL can be purchased commercially as a colorless liquid, it is more commonly purchased and dispensed as a solution in an organic solvent such as toluene or hexane.

Use in organic synthesis

DIBAL reacts slowly with electron-poor compounds and more quickly with electron-rich compounds. Thus, it is an electrophilic reducing agent whereas LiAlH4 can be thought of as a nucleophilic reducing agent.

DIBAL is useful in organic synthesis for a variety of reductions, including converting carboxylic acids, their derivatives, and nitriles to aldehydes. DIBAL efficiently reduces α-β unsaturated esters to the corresponding allylic alcohol.[1] By contrast, LiAlH4 reduces esters and acyl chlorides to primary alcohols, and nitriles to primary amines [using Fieser work-up procedure]. Similarly, DIBAL reduces lactones to hemiacetals (the equivalent of an aldehyde).[4]

Although DIBAL reliably reduces nitriles to aldehydes, the reduction of esters to aldehydes is infamous for often producing large quantities of alcohols. Nevertheless, it is possible to avoid these unwanted byproducts through careful control of the reaction conditions using continuous flow chemistry.[5]

DIBALH was investigated originally as a cocatalyst for the polymerization of alkenes.[6]

Safety

DIBAL, like most alkylaluminium compounds, reacts violently with air and water, potentially leading to explosion.[7]

References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Galatsis, P. (2001). "Diisobutylaluminum Hydride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New York: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rd245. ISBN 0471936235.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Self, M. F.; Pennington, W. T.; Robinson, G. H. (1990). "Reaction of Diisobutylaluminum Hydride with a Macrocyclic Tetradentate Secondary Amine. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of [Al(iso-Bu)]2[C10H20N4][Al(iso-Bu)3]2: Evidence of an Unusual Disproportionation of (iso-Bu)2AlH". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 175 (2): 151–153. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)84819-7.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Eisch, J. J. (1981). Organometallic Syntheses. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-234950-4.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.m. Scherer, Georgia; Gonzalez, Jordan; Wonilowicz, Laura G.; Garg, Neil K. (2023). "Synthesis of a Furoindoline Scaffold via an Interrupted Fischer Indolization". Organic Syntheses. 100: 304–326. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.100.0304.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Webb, Damien; Jamison, Timothy F. (2012-01-20). "Diisobutylaluminum Hydride Reductions Revitalized: A Fast, Robust, and Selective Continuous Flow System for Aldehyde Synthesis". Organic Letters. 14 (2): 568–571. doi:10.1021/ol2031872. hdl:1721.1/76286. ISSN 1523-7060. PMID 22206502.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ziegler, K.; Martin, H.; Krupp, F. (1960). "Metallorganische Verbindungen, XXVII Aluminiumtrialkyle und Dialkyl-Aluminiumhydride aus Aluminiumisobutyl-Verbindungen". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 629 (1): 14–19. doi:10.1002/jlac.19606290103.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thermo Fisher Scientific, Regulatory Affairs (January 3, 2005). "Safety Data Sheet Diisobutylaluminum hydride". Thermo Fisher Scientific. Retrieved October 9, 2023.

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