Papiermark
Template:Short description Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Hatnote list' not found.
Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.
| Template:Native name list | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. 100 trillion-ℳ︁ note, 1924 (short scale (US) or 100 billion-ℳ︁ long scale (UK pre-1974, Germany, much of Europe) | |
| ISO 4217 | |
| Code | Template:ISO 4217/code |
| Subunit | Template:ISO 4217/code-minor-unit |
| Unit | |
| Plural | Mark |
| Symbol | ℳ︁ |
| Denominations | |
| Subunit | |
| Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content. Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1⁄100 | Pfennig |
| Plural | |
| Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content. Pfennig | Pfennig |
| Symbol | |
| Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content. Pfennig | ₰ |
| Banknotes | 1ℳ︁, 2ℳ︁, 5ℳ︁, 10ℳ︁, 20ℳ︁, 50ℳ︁, 100ℳ︁, 500ℳ︁ 1,000ℳ︁, 5,000ℳ︁, 10,000ℳ︁, 20,000ℳ︁, 50,000ℳ︁, 100,000ℳ︁, 200,000ℳ︁, 500,000ℳ︁ 1-million-ℳ︁, 2-million-ℳ︁, 5-million-ℳ︁, 10-million-ℳ︁, 20-million-ℳ︁, 50-million-ℳ︁, 100-million-ℳ︁, 500-million-ℳ︁ 1-billion-ℳ︁, 5-billion-ℳ︁, 10-billion-ℳ︁, 20-billion-ℳ︁, 50-billion-ℳ︁, 100-billion-ℳ︁, 200-billion-ℳ︁, 500-billion-ℳ︁ 1-trillion-ℳ︁, 2-trillion-ℳ︁, 5-trillion-ℳ︁, 10-trillion-ℳ︁, 20-trillion-ℳ︁, 50-trillion-ℳ︁, 100-trillion-ℳ︁ |
| Coins | 1₰, 2₰, 5₰, 10₰, 50₰ (Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1⁄2ℳ︁) 1ℳ︁, 3ℳ︁, 200ℳ︁, 500ℳ︁ |
| Demographics | |
| Replaced | German mark (1871) |
| Replaced by | Rentenmark |
| User(s) | File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German Empire Template:Flagicon Weimar Republic File:Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg Free City of Danzig File:Flag of the Klaipėda Region.svg Klaipėda Region |
| Issuance | |
| Central bank | Reichsbank |
| Valuation | |
| Pegged with | United States dollar = 4.2-trillion-ℳ︁ = RM4.20 (1 trillion short scale (US) or 1 billion long scale (UK pre-1974, Germany, much of Europe) = 1,000,000,000,000) |
| This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete. | |
Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
Papiermark (Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Lit 'paper mark') was a derisive term for the Mark (sign: ℳ︁) after it went off the gold standard, and most specifically with the era of hyperinflation in Germany of 1922 and 1923. Formally, the same German mark was used from 1871 to 1923. Like many countries, Germany departed the gold standard due to the outbreak of World War I, and stopped issuing gold coins backed in marks in August 1914. Precious metals rapidly disappeared from circulation, and inflation occurred as paper money was used to cover war debts in 1914 to 1918. Still, the papiermark is more associated with the early Weimar Republic era, when inflation grew out of control. By the time the mark was retired from circulation and redenominated in December 1923, banknotes had amounts in the billions and trillions of marks by face value.[1][2][3]
History
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". From 1914, the value of the mark fell.[4] The rate of inflation rose following the end of World War I and reached its highest point in October 1923. The currency stabilized in November 1923 after the announcement of the creation of the Rentenmark, although the Rentenmark did not come into circulation until 1924. When it did, it replaced the Papiermark at the rate of 1-trillion (1012)-ℳ︁ to RM1. On 30 August 1924 the Rentenmark was replaced by the Reichsmark.[5]
In addition to the issues of the government, emergency issues of both tokens and paper money, known as Kriegsgeld (war money) and Notgeld (emergency money), were produced by local authorities.[6]
The Papiermark was also used in the Free City of Danzig until it was replaced by the Danzig Gulden in late 1923. Several coins and emergency issues in Papiermark were issued by the free city.[7]
Coins
During the war, cheaper metals were introduced for coins, including aluminium, zinc and iron, although silver Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1⁄2ℳ︁ pieces continued in production until 1919. Aluminium 1₰ were produced until 1918 and the 2₰ until 1916.[8] Whilst iron 5₰, both iron and zinc 10₰, and aluminium 50₰ coins were issued until 1922.[9][10][11] Aluminium 3ℳ︁ were issued in 1922 and 1923,[12] and aluminium 200ℳ︁ and 500ℳ︁ were issued in 1923.[13][14] The quality of many of these coins varied from decent to poor.
During this period, many provinces and cities also had their own corresponding coin and note issues, referred to as Notgeld currency. This came about often due to a shortage of exchangeable tender in one region or another during the war and hyperinflation periods.[6] Some of the most memorable of these to be issued during this period came from Westphalia and featured the highest face value denominations on a coin ever, eventually reaching 1-billion-ℳ︁.[15]
First World War issues
In 1914, the State Loan Office began issuing paper money known as Darlehnskassenschein (loan fund notes). These circulated alongside the issues of the Reichsbank. Most were 1ℳ︁ and 2ℳ︁ notes but there were also 5ℳ︁, 20ℳ︁, 50ℳ︁ and 100ℳ︁ notes.[16]
Post-war issues
Between 1914 and the end of 1923 the Papiermark's rate of exchange against the U.S. dollar plummeted from 4.2ℳ︁ = US$1 to 4.2-trillionℳ︁ = US$1.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The price of one gold mark (358 mg of pure gold) in German paper currency at the end of 1918 was 2ℳ︁, but by the end of 1919 a gold mark cost 10ℳ︁.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. This inflation worsened between 1920 and 1922, and the cost of a gold mark (or conversely, the depreciation of the paper mark) rose from 15ℳ︁ to 1,282ℳ︁.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. In 1923 the value of the paper mark had its worst decline. By July, the cost of a gold mark had risen to 101,112ℳ︁, and in September was already at 13-million-ℳ︁.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. On 30 Nov 1923 it cost 1-trillion-ℳ︁ to buy a single gold mark.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
In October 1923, Germany experienced a 29,500% hyperinflation (roughly 21% interest per day).[17] Historically, this one-month inflation rate has only been exceeded three times: Yugoslavia, 313,000,000% (64.6% per day, January 1994); Zimbabwe, 79.6 billion% (98% per day, November 2008); and Hungary, 41.9 quadrillion% (207% per day, July 1946).[17][18]
On 15 November 1923 the Papiermark was replaced by the Rentenmark at RM4.2 Rentenmark = US$1,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. or 1 trillion-ℳ︁ = RM1 (exchangeable through July 1925).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
During the hyperinflation, ever higher denominations of banknotes were issued by the ReichsbankLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and other institutions (notably the Reichsbahn railway company).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The Papiermark was produced and circulated in enormously large quantities. Before the war, the highest denomination was 1,000ℳ︁, equivalent to approximately £48 18s sterling or US$238.09. In early 1922, 10,000ℳ︁ notes were introduced, followed by 100,000ℳ︁ and 1-million-ℳ︁ notes in February 1923. July 1923 saw notes up to 50-million-ℳ︁, with 10-milliard (1010)-ℳ︁ notes introduced in September. The hyperinflation peaked in October 1923 and banknote denominations rose to 100-trillion (1014)-ℳ︁. At the end of the hyperinflation, these notes were worth approximately £5 4s sterling or US$23.81.[19][20][21]
Weimar Republic (1920–24)
| Year | Issue | Value[nb 1] | Date[nb 2] | Image | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1920
|
Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 126 mm × 84 mm (5.0 in × 3.3 in) | |
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts50ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 150 mm × 100 mm (5.9 in × 3.9 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts100ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Portraits based on the Bamberg riders at Bamberg Cathedral 162 mm × 108 mm (6.4 in × 4.3 in) | |||
1922
|
Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Portrait of a young Man by Albrecht Dürer 210 mm × 124 mm (8.3 in × 4.9 in) | |
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts500ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Jakob Meyer of the Meyer zum Pfeil family 175 mm × 112 mm (6.9 in × 4.4 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts500ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 173 mm × 90 mm (6.8 in × 3.5 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts100ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 162 mm × 90 mm (6.4 in × 3.5 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 160 mm × 85 mm (6.3 in × 3.3 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Section of Portrait of a Man with a Coin by Hans Memling 130 mm × 90 mm (5.1 in × 3.5 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Portrait of Hans Urmiller based on Portrait of Hans Urmiller and his Son by Barthel Beham 198 mm × 107 mm (7.8 in × 4.2 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts50,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Bürgermeister Arnold von Brauweiler based on Burgomaster Arnold von Brauweiler by Barthel Bruyn the Elder 190 mm × 110 mm (7.5 in × 4.3 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Merchant Imhof based on Portrait of a Man by Albrecht Dürer 130 mm × 90 mm (5.1 in × 3.5 in) | ||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Portrait of Jörg Herz based on Jörg Herz Nürnberger Münzmeister by Georg Pencz 140 mm × 90 mm (5.5 in × 3.5 in) | ||
1923
|
Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts100,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Merchant Georg Giese based on Portrait of Georg Giese by Hans Holbein the Younger 190 mm × 115 mm (7.5 in × 4.5 in) | |
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Not issued | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts20,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 160 mm × 95 mm (6.3 in × 3.7 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 160 mm × 110 mm (6.3 in × 4.3 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Portrait of Hans Urmiller based on Portrait of Hans Urmiller and his Son by Barthel Beham 148 mm × 90 mm (5.8 in × 3.5 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts500,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 170 mm × 95 mm (6.7 in × 3.7 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts2,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Merchant Georg Giese based on Portrait of Georg Giese by Hans Holbein the Younger 162 mm × 87 mm (6.4 in × 3.4 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 170 mm × 95 mm (6.7 in × 3.7 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts100,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 110 mm × 80 mm (4.3 in × 3.1 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts500,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 175 mm × 80 mm (6.9 in × 3.1 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 160 mm × 95 mm (6.3 in × 3.7 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 185 mm × 80 mm (7.3 in × 3.1 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 190 mm × 80 mm (7.5 in × 3.1 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 195 mm × 80 mm (7.7 in × 3.1 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts20,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 195 mm × 83 mm (7.7 in × 3.3 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts50,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 195 mm × 86 mm (7.7 in × 3.4 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts50,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 105 mm × 70 mm (4.1 in × 2.8 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts200,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 115 mm × 70 mm (4.5 in × 2.8 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 120 mm × 80 mm (4.7 in × 3.1 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts2,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 125 mm × 80 mm (4.9 in × 3.1 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 128 mm × 80 mm (5.0 in × 3.1 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 125 mm × 80 mm (4.9 in × 3.1 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts100,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 150 mm × 85 mm (5.9 in × 3.3 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts20,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 125 mm × 82 mm (4.9 in × 3.2 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts50,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 124 mm × 84 mm (4.9 in × 3.3 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts500,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 155 mm × 85 mm (6.1 in × 3.3 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts500,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Specimen only | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Specimen only | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Overprinted on 15 Dec 1922 note 140 mm × 90 mm (5.5 in × 3.5 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 160 mm × 86 mm (6.3 in × 3.4 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 165 mm × 85 mm (6.5 in × 3.3 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | ||||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 160 mm × 105 mm (6.3 in × 4.1 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts20,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 140 mm × 90 mm (5.5 in × 3.5 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts50,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 176 mm × 86 mm (6.9 in × 3.4 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts200,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 140 mm × 80 mm (5.5 in × 3.1 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 127 mm × 61 mm (5.0 in × 2.4 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 130 mm × 64 mm (5.1 in × 2.5 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts500,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Overprinted on 15 Mar 1923 note Portrait of Hans Urmiller based on Portrait of Hans Urmiller and his Son by Barthel Beham 145 mm × 90 mm (5.7 in × 3.5 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts50,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 135 mm × 65 mm (5.3 in × 2.6 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts100,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 135 mm × 65 mm (5.3 in × 2.6 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts500,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 137 mm × 65 mm (5.4 in × 2.6 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts100,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 174 mm × 86 mm (6.9 in × 3.4 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 137 mm × 65 mm (5.4 in × 2.6 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 168 mm × 86 mm (6.6 in × 3.4 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 171 mm × 86 mm (6.7 in × 3.4 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 120 mm × 82 mm (4.7 in × 3.2 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts100,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 135 mm × 65 mm (5.3 in × 2.6 in) | ||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts1,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 143 mm × 86 mm (5.6 in × 3.4 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts2,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 120 mm × 71 mm (4.7 in × 2.8 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 165 mm × 86 mm (6.5 in × 3.4 in) | |||
1924
|
Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts10,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 140 mm × 72 mm (5.5 in × 2.8 in) | |
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts20,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Portrait of a woman based on Portrait of a young Venetian woman by Albrecht Dürer 160 mm × 95 mm (6.3 in × 3.7 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts50,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Jakob Muffel based on Portrait of Jakob Muffel by Albrecht Dürer 175 mm × 95 mm (6.9 in × 3.7 in) | |||
| Template:NtshTemplate:Dts100,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | Portrait of Willibald Pirckheimer based on a painting by Albrecht Dürer 180 mm × 95 mm (7.1 in × 3.7 in) | |||
| Script error: No such module "sort".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Template:NtshTemplate:Dts5,000,000,000,000ℳ︁ | Template:Dts | 120 mm × 72 mm (4.7 in × 2.8 in) |
Danzig
The Danziger Privat Actien-Bank (opened 1856) was the first bank established in Danzig.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. They issued two series of notes denominated in thalers (1857 and 1862–73) prior to issuing the mark (1875, 1882, 1887).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. These mark issues are extremely rare.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The Ostbank fur Handel and Gewerbe opened 16 March 1857, and by 1911 two additional banks (the Imperial Bank of Germany and the Norddeutsche Credit-Anstalt) were in operation.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Issuance of the Danzig Papiermark
The Papiermark was issued by Danzig from 1914 to 1923.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Five series were issued during World War I by the City Council (1914, 1916, 1918 first and second issue, and 1919).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Denominations ranged from 10₰ to 20ℳ︁.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The Free City of Danzig municipal senate issued an additional four post-World War I series of notes (1922, 1923 First issue, 1923 Provisional issue, and 1923 Inflation issue).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The 1922 issue (31 October 1922) was denominated in 100ℳ︁, 500ℳ︁, and 1,000ℳ︁ notes.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The denominations for the 1923 issue were 1,000ℳ︁ (15 March 1923), and 10,000ℳ︁ and 50,000ℳ︁ notes (20 March 1923).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The 1923 provisional issue reused earlier notes with a large red stamp indicating the new (and higher) denominations of 1 million-ℳ︁ (8 August 1923) and 5 million-ℳ︁ (15 October 1923) mark.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The last series of Danzig mark was the 1923 inflation issue of 1 million-ℳ︁ (8 August 1923), 10 million-ℳ︁ (31 August 1923), 100 million-ℳ︁ (22 September 1923), 500 million-ℳ︁ (26 September 1923), 5 billion-ℳ︁ and 10 billion-ℳ︁ notes (11 October 1923).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The Danzig mark was replaced by the Danzig gulden, first issued by the Danzig Central Finance Department on 22 October 1923.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
| Issue | Value | Image |
|---|---|---|
| 1914 Emergency | 50₰ | |
| 1ℳ︁ | ||
| 2ℳ︁ | ||
| 3ℳ︁ | ||
| 1916 | 10₰ | |
| 50₰ | ||
| 1918 First | 5ℳ︁ | |
| 20ℳ︁ | ||
| 1918 Second | 50₰ | |
| 20ℳ︁ | ||
1919
|
50₰ | |
| 1922 | 100ℳ︁ | |
| 500ℳ︁ | ||
| 1,000ℳ︁ | ||
| 1923 First | 1,000ℳ︁ | |
| 10,000ℳ︁ | ||
| 10,000ℳ︁ | ||
| 50,000ℳ︁ | ||
| 1923 Provisional | 1,000,000ℳ︁ | |
| 5,000,000ℳ︁ | ||
| 1923 Inflation | 1,000,000ℳ︁ | |
| 10,000,000ℳ︁ | ||
| 100,000,000ℳ︁ | ||
| 500,000,000ℳ︁ | ||
| 5,000,000,000ℳ︁ | ||
| 10,000,000,000ℳ︁ |
Note on numeration
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In German, Milliarde is 1,000,000,000, or one thousand million, while Billion is 1,000,000,000,000, or one million million.
See also
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Notes
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- ^ All values are in Reichsbank Mark.
- ^ Series date printed on the banknote.
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Citations
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Knapp, George Friedrich (1924), The State Theory of Money, Macmillan and Company, p. vxi
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Patrick Spread (2022). Economics, Anthropology and the Origin of Money as a Bargaining Counter. Taylor & Francis 2022. p. 290. ISBN 9781000770841.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Randall E. Parker; Robert M. Whaples (2013). Routledge Handbook of Major Events in Economic History. Routledge. p. 372. ISBN 9781135080792.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Measuring Worth – Measures of worth, inflation rates, saving calculator, relative value, worth of a dollar, worth of a pound, purchasing power, gold prices, GDP, history of wages, average wage". www.measuringworth.com. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Biografie Hans Luther" (in Deutsch). Bayerische Nationalbibliothek. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Guide to Notgeld Collection 1914–1923". www.lib.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Danzig to Establish New Currency System". The New York Times (1851–2010). 20 July 1923. p. 3. Template:ProQuest.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Germany 1 Pfennig, Aluminum (1916–1918)". CoinKing® – GermanCoins.com. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.smithwicknumismati (2021-12-21). "Coins Of The Great War: 5 Pfennig (Imperial Germany, 1918)-Article". Smithwicknumismatics. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Germany – Empire 10 Pfennig KM 20 Prices & Values | NGC". www.ngccoin.com. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Germany – Empire 10 Pfennig KM 26 Prices & Values | NGC". www.ngccoin.com. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."3 Mark 1922–1923 coin value Germany Weimar Constitution – detailed description with image and worth". worldcoinsinfo.com. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."200 Mark 1923 German Weimar coin value – detailed description with image and worth". worldcoinsinfo.com. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."1923 German Coins – Coin Values | Coinstrail". coinstrail.com. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ 1 Billion Mark – Westfalen at Numista.com. Accessed on 13 August 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Banknotes Catalog – List of banknotes for The state loan office note (Darlehnskassenschein) 1914–1924, Germany". www.allnumis.com. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."World Hyperinflations" (PDF). CNBC. 14 February 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."World Hyperinflations | Steve H. Hanke and Nicholas Krus | Cato Institute: Working Paper". Cato.org. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic | Description & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The German Hyperinflation of 1923". www.amusingplanet.com. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bisno, Adam. "How Hyperinflation Heralded the Fall of German Democracy". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
References
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barisheff, Nick (2013). $10,000 Gold – Why Gold's Inevitable Rise is the Investor's Safe Haven. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-118-44350-7.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2009). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money Specialized Issues (11 ed.). Krause. ISBN 978-1-4402-0450-0.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2010). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money General Issues (1368–1960) (13 ed.). Krause. ISBN 978-1-4402-1293-2.[permanent dead link]
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fischer, Wolfgang C., ed. (2010). German Hyperinflation 1922/23: A Law and Economics Approach. Josef Eul Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3-89936-931-1.
- GermanNotes.com (2005). German Paper Money 1871–1999. eBook from germannotes.com
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kelly, William J. (1920). "The Situation at Danzig". Journal of the American-Polish Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 1 (6). American-Polish Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pick, Albert (1994). Bruce, Colin R. II; Shafer, Neil (eds.). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rand McNally (1911). "The Rand-McNally Banker's Director and List of Attorneys". Rand McNally International Bankers Directory. 70 (1). Rand McNally & Company.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Widdig, Bernd (2001). Culture and Inflation in Weimar Germany. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22290-3.
External links
| Preceded by: Goldmark Reason: suspension of gold standard |
Currency of Germany 1914 – 1923 |
Succeeded by: Rentenmark Reason: inflation Ratio: 1 Rentenmark = 1,000,000,000,000 Papiermark, and 4.2 Rentenmark = US$1 |
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