Cesar Department

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Department of Cesar)

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses".

Script error: No such module "Settlement short description".Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Infobox settlement/styles.css has no content.

Cesar Department
Departamento del Cesar
Department
Department of the Cesar
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found.
View of the Sierra Nevada
Page Template:Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css has no content.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found.
Flag
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found.
Coat of arms
Anthem: Himno del Cesar
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found.
Cesar shown in green
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found.
Topography of the department
Script error: No such module "Infobox mapframe".
Coordinates: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Country Colombia
RegionCaribbean Region
EstablishedDecember 1967
CapitalValledupar
Government
 • GovernorFrancis Ferdinand Ovalle Angarita (2016-2019)
Area
[1]
 • Total
Script error: No such module "ConvertIB".
 • Rank22nd
Population
 (2018)[2]
Template:Fix comma category
Population
 (2018)[2]
 • Total
Template:Fix comma category
 • Rank16th
 • DensityScript error: No such module "ConvertIB".
Template:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
GDP
[3]
 • TotalCOP 37,524 billion
(US$ 8.8 billion)
Time zoneUTC-05
Template:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
ISO 3166 codeCO-CES
HDI0.751[4]
Page Template:Color/styles.css has no content.high · 21st of 33
Websitewww.gobcesar.gov.co

Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".

Cesar Department (Template:Langx), or simply Cesar, (Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a department of Colombia located in the north of the country in the Caribbean region, bordering to the north with the Department of La Guajira, to the west with the Department of Magdalena and Department of Bolivar, to the south with Department of Santander, to the east with the Department of North Santander, and further to the east with the country of Venezuela (Zulia State). The department capital city is Valledupar.[5]

The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparis in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuris in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Toupeh, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilon and Alcoholades pertaining to the Chimila. The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Peter Vadillo, but German Ambrose Alfinger savagely conquered the region in 1532.[6]

From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in the Cesar mining region.

Etymology

The "Cesar" name is an adaptation from the Chimila indigenous word Chet-tzar or Zazare ("calm water") into Spanish, in reference to the Cesar River. The valley that its basin covers is also named after the river and extends through most of the department. The department of Cesar was created in 1967 by decree and the name officially adopted.[7]

Geography

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

The Cesar River basin in the department of Cesar.

The department of Cesar is located in northern Colombia bordering to the north with the department of La Guajira, to the east with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, to the west with the department of Magdalena, to the southwest with the Department of Bolivar and to the south with the departments of North Santander and Santander covering a total area of 22,905 km2.[8]

The majority of the department is flat in 57% of the total area and 43% mountainous mainly in the Serranía del Perijá and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain ranges.[8]

Ecoregions

The Department of Cesar contains five Ecoregions; the Serranía del Perijá mountain range, the valley of the Cesar River, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the valley of the Magdalena River and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes complex.[8]

Cerro Pintao and the Serranía del Perijá.

Serranía del Perijá mountain range

The Serranía del Perijá mountain range covers most of the eastern side of the Department of Cesar between its border with Venezuela and the Department of North Santander, approximately 300 km in length penetrating into the Department of La Guajira to the north and covering 27% of the total area of Cesar. The Serranía del Perijá covers, partially or totally the area of 17 municipalities in the Department of Cesar; Aguachica, Codazzi, Becerril, Chimichagua, Chiriguana, Curumani, Gonzalez, La Gloria, La Jagua de Ibirico, Los Robles La Paz, Manaure, Pailitas, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto, San Diego and San Martin. There are also the indigenous reserves pertaining to the Yukpas people; Iroka, Socorpa and Menkue-Misaya-La Pista; and to the Wiwas people; Caño Padilla, El Rosario-Bella Vista-Yucatán and Campoalegre.[9]

Approximately 70% of the mountain range preserves unique flora and fauna and some 20 rivers are born in the mountain range among other minor streams, flowing into the Department of Cesar and feeding the Magdalena and Cesar river basins and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes. The Colombian government declared it a National Forest Reserve.[9]

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range

File:Valledupar.jpg
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta as seen from Valledupar.

The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range is an isolated mountain range located in the northwestern region of the Department of Cesar. The mountain range is shared with by Department of La Guajira, which covers the northern area, the Department of Magdalena to the western side and the Department of Cesar which covers the southern face, covering a total area of 16,615 km2 (1'661,500 ha) of which 380,000 ha pertain to the Department of Cesar. The Cesar River and the western side of its basin is born on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, including the Guatapuri, Badillo, Ariguani, Cesarito, Los Clavos, Garupal and Rio Seco rivers. The mountains are within the boundaries of the municipalities of Pueblo Bello, Valledupar, El Copey and Bosconia.[10]

The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was declared by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve on October 29, 1993.[11]

Valley of the Cesar river

Valley of the Magdalena river

Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes

Ciénaga de Zapatosa

Climate

Climate in the Department of Cesar presents variations in climate depending on altitude, as well as rainfall precipitations. Mountain climate in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serranía del Perijá become cooler with higher altitude, reaching freezing low temperatures on the snowy peaks. Lowlands average a temperature throughout the year of 28 °C or 82.4 °F.[12] These lower lands present a hot and drier climate, with annual precipitation less than 1,300 millimetres or 51 inches a year. The mountainous regions are characterized by low temperatures with snow on high altitude peaks and precipitation reaching more than 2,000 millimetres or 79 inches a year.

Script error: No such module "weather box".

History

Page Module:Historical populations/styles.css has no content.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1973 340,657—    
1985 699,428+105.3%
1993 827,219+18.3%
2005 903,279+9.2%
2018 1,200,574+32.9%
Source:[15]

Pre-Columbian

The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparíes in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuríes in the Valley of the Cesar River, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Tupe, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilon and Alcoholados pertaining to the Chimila.

Spanish chronicles describe the tribes as being part of a federation of tribes led by a single chief (Cacique), with the village of Eupari as the largest and central to the other villages. These tribes are believed to be related to the Mesoamerican culture, the Caribs and Arawaks, directly associated to the Muisca culture in the Colombian eastern branch of the Andes.[16]

Archeological findings has shown that the indigenous in the area worked with stones and wood, including a boomerang shaped weapon found in a cemetery at Los Robles La Paz.[17]

Spanish conquest and colonization

The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Pedro de Vadillo, but German Ambrosio Alfínger savagely conquered the region in 1531.[6][18] In 1550 the village of Valle de Upar was founded by Hernando de Santana and Juan de Castellanos.[19]

Republican era

In 1813, María de la Concepción Loperena proclaimed the independence of Valledupar and donated 300 horses to Simón Bolívar. In 1829 Valledupar became a Cantón of the Province of Santa Marta. By Law 15 of 1850, Valledupar was segregated from Santa Marta becoming the province of Valledupar. In 1857 became a province of the State of Magdalena and by Law of December 29, 1864, became the Department of Valledupar pertaining to State of Magdalena. On December 21, 1967, the Department of Cesar was created officially.[6]

Modern era

From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in the Cesar mining region. Prodeco, a subsidiary of Glencore, and the US Drummond Company collaborated with the paramilitaries[20] in order to continue coal mining.[21]

Politics

Governors

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Administrative divisions

Municipalities

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

The Department of Cesar is formed by 25 municipalities, some 171 corregimientos, 990 veredas and 10 indigenous reserves.[22]

For administrative reasons the Department of Cesar is subdivided into 4 strategic regions[citation needed]:

  • the Northern Subregion covering the municipalities of Valledupar, Codazzi, Pueblo Bello, La Paz, Manaure and San Diego;
  • the Northwestern Subregion covering the municipalities of Bosconia, El Copey, El Paso and Astrea;
  • the Central Subregion covering the municipalities of Curumani, Becerril, Chiriguana, La Jagua de Ibirico, Chimichagua, Tamalameque and Pailitas; and
  • the Southern Subregion covering the municipalities of Aguachica, Gamarra, Gonzalez, La Gloria, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto and San Martin.[8]
Municipalities Map
  1. File:Flag of Aguachica (Cesar).svg Aguachica
  2. File:Flag of Astrea (Cesar).svg Astrea
  3. File:Flag of Becerril (Cesar).svg Becerril
  4. File:Flag of Bosconia (Cesar).svg Bosconia
  5. File:Flag of Chimichagua (Cesar).svg Chimichagua
  6. File:Flag of Chiriguaná (Cesar).svg Chiriguaná
  7. File:Flag of Agustín Codazzi (Cesar).svg Codazzi
  8. File:Flag of Curumaní (Cesar).svg Curumaní
  9. File:Flag of El Copey (Cesar).svg El Copey
  10. File:Flag of El Paso (Cesar).svg El Paso
  11. File:Flag of Gamarra (Cesar).svg Gamarra
  12. File:Flag of González (Cesar).svg González
  13. File:Flag of La Gloria (Cesar).svg La Gloria
  14. File:Flag of La Jagua de Ibirico (Cesar).svg La Jagua de Ibirico
  15. File:Flag of Manaure, Cesar.png Manaure
  16. File:Flag of Pailitas (Cesar).svg Pailitas
  17. File:Flag of Pelaya (Cesar).svg Pelaya
  18. File:Flag of Pueblobello (Cesar).svg Pueblo Bello
  19. File:Flag of Río de Oro (Cesar).svg Rio de Oro
  20. File:Flag of La Paz Robles (Cesar).svg Los Robles La Paz
  21. File:Flag of San Alberto (Cesar).svg San Alberto
  22. File:Flag of San Diego (Cesar).svg San Diego
  23. File:Flag of San Martin (Cesar).svg San Martín
  24. File:Flag of Tamalameque (Cesar).svg Tamalameque
  25. File:Flag of Valledupar.svg Valledupar
 Municipalities in the Cesar Department

Economy

File:Lagloria.jpg
Ciénaga de la Zapatosa marsh by La Gloria, southern Cesar Department

The economy of the César Department is sustained by the agricultural sector, secondly by a services industry following with commercial industry and mining. Cattle raising is exploited extensively (using large farms), and for this reason large portions of forests have been chopped off to create corrals. In agriculture, plantations of cotton, rice, sugar cane, oil palm, cassava and plantain. Services are centered on commerce and the industry is represented by oil products, fats and milk derived products. As one of the biggest water resources areas of Colombia, if not America, part of the Magdalena River crosses the department and helps create the Cienaga de Zapatosa (Zapatosa Marsh) along with the Cesar river. It has a great potential to develop a fishing industry also.

The area between La Loma and La Jagua de Ibirico is the major coal-producing region of Colombia.[23]

Flag

The flag of the department consists of a white horizontal band between two green ones. The meaning ascribed to the green is that it symbolizes the fertile vegetation of the department, and to the white, that it stands for the hope of peace.[24]

Notes

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Departamento: Información general". Gobernación del Cesar. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."DANE". Archived from the original on November 13, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Producto Interno Bruto por departamento", www.dane.gov.co
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Estado de avance de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en el departamento de Cesar y en la ciudad de Valledupar, (Progress on the Millennium Development Goals in the Cesar department and the city of Valledupar)" (in español). PNUD Colombia – Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina. January 2012.[dead link]
  6. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."History of Cesar" (in español). Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute. Archived from the original on 24 October 2003.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LABLAA - Luis Galvis: Don Gonzalo" (in español). Archived from the original on 2009-09-14. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
  8. ^ a b c d Template:In lang Government of the Department of Cesar: The Territory Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  9. ^ a b Template:In lang Government of the Department of Cesar: Serrania del Perija Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  10. ^ Template:In lang Government of the Department of Cesar: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  11. ^ Template:In lang UNESCO: Buritaca 200 - Ciudad Perdida - Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Climate of the Department of Cesar" (in español). Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute. Archived from the original on 24 October 2003.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Worldweather: Valledupar, Colombia". Weatherbase. 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-08.[dead link]
  14. ^ *Climatological information is based on monthly averages for the 30-year period 1971-2000. The averaging period for climatological information and the definition of "Mean Number of Precipitation/Rain Days" quoted in this web site may be different for different countries. Care should be taken when city climatologies are compared.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Reloj de Población". DANE. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísitica. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  16. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  17. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  18. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  19. ^ LABLAA: Department of Cesar; History
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moor, Marianne (June 2014). The dark side of coal paramilitary violence in the mining region of Cesar, Colombia. OCLC 1176254365.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Deutsche Welle (2014-07-09). "Blutige Kohle aus Kolumbien". DW.COM (in Deutsch). Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  22. ^ Government of Colombia: Human Rights in the Department of Cesar; municipalities Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mining Atlas - Explore the World of Mining".
  24. ^ Gobernación del Cesar: Significado de la Bandera

References

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Template:Departments of the North of Colombia Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Cesar_Department&oldid=335708"