Rhipidistia
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Rhipidistia, also known as Dipnotetrapodomorpha,[1] is a clade of lobe-finned fishes which includes the tetrapods and lungfishes. Rhipidistia formerly referred to a subgroup of Sarcopterygii consisting of the Porolepiformes and Osteolepiformes, a definition that is now obsolete.[2] However, as cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades, a monophyletic Rhipidistia is now understood to include the whole of Tetrapoda and the lungfishes.
Rhipidistia includes Porolepiformes and Dipnoi. Extensive fossilization of lungfishes has contributed to many evolutionary studies of this group. Evolution of autostylic jaw suspension, in which the palatoquadrate bone fuses to the cranium, and the lymph pumping "lymph heart" (later lost in mammals and flying birds), are unique to this group. Another feature shared by lungfish and tetrapods is the divided atrium,[3] though it evolved convergently.
The precise time at which the choana of tetrapods evolved is debated, with some considering early rhipidistians as the first choanates.[citation needed] The feature is also present in modern lungfish but is probably a case of convergent evolution. The basal stem-lungfish Diabolepis did not possess it. Instead, it had four nostrils (two anterior and two posterior) like most fish. However, its posterior nares are very close to the lip, meaning a ventral 'displacement' of the posterior nostril can be considered a synapomorphy of the lungfish-tetrapod clade. The complete choana then seems to have developed independently in the two surviving clades.[4]
Etymology
The word "Rhipidistia" is from Template:Langx.
The word "Dipnotetrapodomorpha" is from Template:Langx (from Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning "twice", and Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning "breathing, breath"); from Template:Langx, the combining form of the numeral Script error: No such module "Lang". (tettares); from Template:Langx, the combining form of Script error: No such module "Lang". (pous) meaning "foot"; and from Template:Langx, the combining form of Script error: No such module "Lang". (morph) meaning "physical shape".
Phylogeny
The cladogram presented below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the Tree of Life Web Project,[5] and Swartz 2012.[6]
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Joseph S., Nelson (19 May 2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-471-75644-6. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pough, F. Harvey (2018). Vertebrate Life. Christine M. Janis, Sergi López-Torres (10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-60535-607-5. OCLC 1022979490.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhu, Min; Ahlberg, Per E. (2004). "The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods". Nature. 432 (7013): 94–97. Bibcode:2004Natur.432...94Z. doi:10.1038/nature02843. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15525987. S2CID 4422813.
- ^ Janvier, Philippe. 1997. Vertebrata. Animals with backbones. Version 01 January 1997 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata/14829/1997.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Swartz, B. (2012). "A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America". PLOS ONE. 7 (3) e33683. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733683S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.
External links
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