Iron(II) gluconate
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| Systematic IUPAC name
Iron; (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid | |
| Other names
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| Properties | |
| FeC12H22O14 | |
| Molar mass | 446.14 g/mol |
| Appearance | light yellow to brown powder |
| Odor | slight caramel odor |
| Melting point | 188 °C (370 °F; 461 K) dihydrate (decomposes) |
| soluble | |
| Solubility | soluble in glycerin negligible in alcohol |
| Pharmacology | |
| B03AA03 (WHO) Template:ATC (combination with folic acid) | |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Template:Chembox Footer/trackingTemplate:Short description
Iron(II) gluconate, or ferrous gluconate, is a black compound often used as an iron supplement. It is the iron(II) salt of gluconic acid with the chemical formula Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.Fe(C6H11O7)2⋅nH2O (n=0,2). It is marketed under brand names such as Fergon, Ferralet and Simron.[2]
Structure
The anhydrous compound, dried under vacuum at 77 °C (350 K; 171 °F) forms a triclinic structure (space group P1). Samples dried in air at temperatures above 100 °C (373 K; 212 °F) exhibit a monoclinic structure (s.g. P121). The dihydrate also exhibits a monoclinic unit cell (s.g. I2), while partially hydrated samples can be described as a superposition of two phases, P1 and I2.[3]
Preparation
Ferrous gluconate dihydrate can be precipitated by mixing solutions of ferrous sulfate and barium gluconate.[4]
Uses
Medical
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Ferrous gluconate is used in the treatment of hypochromic anemia. The use of this compound compared with other iron preparations results in satisfactory reticulocyte responses, a high percentage utilization of iron, and an increase in hemoglobin to normal levels in a reasonably short time.[5]
Food additive
Ferrous gluconate is also used as a food additive when processing black olives. It is represented by the food labeling E number E579 in Europe. It imparts a uniform jet black color to the olives.[6][7]
Food supplement
In food supplements ferrous gluconate is used in various formats like tablets, capsules, oral liquids or effervescent tablets to treat iron deficiency and anemia.[8]
Reactions
Upon heating, the compound decomposes to either α-Fe2O3 or γ-Fe2O3 depending on the atmosphere under which the process occurs.[4]
Toxicity
Ferrous gluconate may be toxic in case of overdose. Children may show signs of toxicity with ingestions of 10–20 mg/kg of elemental iron. Serious toxicity may result from ingestions of more than 60 mg/kg. Iron exerts both local and systemic effects: it is corrosive to the gastrointestinal mucosa, it can have a negative impact on the heart and blood (dehydration, low blood pressure, fast and weak pulse, shock), lungs, liver, gastrointestinal system (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting blood), nervous system (chills, dizziness, coma, convulsions, headache), and skin (flushing, loss of color, bluish-colored lips and fingernails).[9][10] The symptoms may disappear in a few hours, but then emerge again after 1 or more days.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.PubChem. "Ferrous Gluconate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
- ^ Drugs.com ferrous gluconate summary
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gondek, Łukasz; Dubiel, Stanisław M. (1 December 2021). "Water triggered structural transitions in Fe-gluconate". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 528 120607. arXiv:2004.10535. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2021.120607. ISSN 0020-1693.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rahman, M. M.; Venkataraman, A. (April 2002). "Synthesis of γ-Fe2O3 by Thermal Decomposition of Ferrous Gluconate Dihydrate". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 68 (1): 91–101. doi:10.1023/A:1014924601765. ISSN 1388-6150.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reznikoff, Paul; Goebel, Walther F. (1937). "The Use of Ferrous Gluconate in the Treatment of Hypochromic Anemia". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 16 (4): 547–54. doi:10.1172/JCI100881. PMC 424894. PMID 16694502.
- ^ CSPI's Guide to Food Additives
- ^ Antonio Higinio Sánchez Gómez, Pedro García García and Luis Rejano Navarro (Spain 2006). "Elaboration of table olives – 4.2.3. Colour fixation", p. 92, from digital.csic.es. Archived 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ferrous Gluconate". www.lohmann-minerals.com. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holstege, Christopher P (13 February 2024). "Pediatric Iron Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology". Medscape Reference. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Iron overdose: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
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