Indonesian orthography

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Template:Short description Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Hatnote list' not found. Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language. The current system uses the Latin script and is called Script error: No such module "Lang". (EYD), commonly translated as Enhanced Spelling, Perfected Spelling or Improved Spelling.[1][2][3][4]

History

Template:Main article The Perfected Spelling system is a system of orthography released in 1972 to replace the existing Republican Spelling System (RSS, also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighbouring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonisation of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies. The new EYD system, adopted on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President Suharto the previous day.[5] Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes in the new system and marked the official use of the EYD system.[6] It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System (Script error: No such module "Lang"., EBI), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines (Script error: No such module "Lang"., PUEBI), between 2015 and 2022.[3]

Characteristics

Republican-to-EYD letter changes

Changes Republican EYD English meaning
/tʃ/: tj becomes c tjuma, katjang cuma, kacang only, nut
/dʒ/: dj becomes j djual, edjaan jual, ejaan sell, spelling
/j/: j becomes y ajam, pajung ayam, payung chicken, umbrella
/ɲ/: nj becomes ny njonja, banjak nyonya, banyak madam, many
/ʃ/: sj becomes sy sjair, masjarakat syair, masyarakat poem, people
/x/: ch becomes kh tarich, achir tarikh, akhir era, end

Foreign loan letters

Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling.[7]

Letters Example English meaning
f maaf, fakir (I am) sorry, poor
v vakum, universitas vacuum/hiatus, university
z zaman, lezat age/era, delicious

Q and X

The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects,[7] for example, Script error: No such module "Lang". (X-ray).

The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects.[8][9] Examples include Quran, Al-Furqan, and Al-Baqarah. This letter is also used in some placenames in Indonesia (often derived from the local languages), e.g. the Siluq Ngurai [id] and Sekolaq Darat [id] districts in West Kutai Regency, and Baqa, the capital of Samarinda Seberang, Samarinda (all of these examples are located in East Kalimantan).

Affixes and prepositions

The writing of di- and ke- (prefixes) can be distinguished from Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". (prepositions), where di- and ke- are written together with the words that follow them, for example, Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". ('taken', 'desire'), while Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are written separately from the words that follow them, for example, Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". ('at home', 'to the market'). This differs from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and Script error: No such module "Lang". are written together with the words following them.[7] However, many native speakers often do not follow this orthographic rule and confuse both morphemes (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".).

Dutch linguist K. Alexander Adelaar viewed that the prefix di- is instead derived from the preposition Script error: No such module "Lang"., and rejected other etymological theories, such as the prefix coming from the Old Malay prefix ni-.[10]

Reduplication

Reduplication, mostly used in the plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of a superscripted number 2, as in the Republican Spelling, is no longer valid.[7] The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.

Republican EYD English meaning
anak2 anak-anak children
ber-main2 bermain-main playing around
ke-barat2-an kebarat-baratan westernish

Exceptions

Exceptions mostly come from proper nouns. Many personal names, particularly of younger people, do not follow the orthographic rules (see Indonesian names). Common spelling variations include doubled letters, a silent h following consonants, the use of Dutch digraphs (which stems from Van Ophuijsen spelling),[11] and other eccentric letters.[12] However, a few variations come from other parts of speech, such as Script error: No such module "Lang". ('gastritis'), which is actually pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA". or even Script error: No such module "IPA"., deriving from Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang".; and Script error: No such module "Lang"., pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"., also from Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Changes after 1975

On 9 September 1987, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial decree which updated the previous spelling system and remained valid for 22 years.[13]

On 31 July 2009, the Minister of National Education issued a decree outlining further changes.[14] The update included an optional diacritic for ⟨e⟩, to distinguish ⟨é⟩ [e] and ⟨e⟩ [ə].

On 26 November 2015, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial regulation about the spelling system.[15] For the first time, the term Indonesian Spelling System (Script error: No such module "Lang".) was used. There were only minor changes compared to previous updates, including the addition of a new diphthong of ⟨ei⟩ (previously there were only 3 diphthongs, ai, au and oi), optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ [e], ⟨è⟩ [ɛ], and ⟨ê⟩ [ə], and new rules on the usage of bold letters (abolition of bold letters for lemma entries in its dictionary).

On 16 August 2022, in time for the spelling system's 50th anniversary, a new update was issued.[16] It restored the term Perfected Spelling of the Indonesian Language (Script error: No such module "Lang".). Like the previous update, it also introduced minor changes: among others, it introduced the monophthong ⟨eu⟩ [ɘ], mostly used in loanwords from Acehnese and Sundanese, reaffirmed the use of the optional diacritic ⟨ê⟩ [ə], and limited the use of number words to singular numbers.[16]

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Indonesia Inaugurated New Spelling Enhanced In History Today August 16, 1972". Voice of Indonesia. 2021-08-16. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kridalaksana, Harimukti (1974). "Spelling Reform 1972: A Stage in the Process of Standardisation of Bahasa Indonesia" (PDF). Papers from the Conference on the Standardisation of Asian Languages, Manila, Philippines, 16-21 December 1974. Pacific Linguistics: 305–317. ISBN 9780858831766.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."EYD V". ejaan.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. p. 128. ISBN 0868405981.
  5. ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  6. ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  7. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tasai, S Amran and E. Zaenal Arifin (2000). Cermat Berbahasa Indonesia: Untuk Perguruan Tinggi.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."2. QS. Al-Baqarah (Sapi Betina)". Sindonews. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."25. QS. Al-Furqan (Pembeda)". Sindonews. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "Much ado about di-". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 161–1: 127–142.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Viral Daftar Absensi dengan Nama Sulit Dieja, Begini Cara Membuat Nama Anak yang Mudah dan Baik Artinya". kabartegal.pikiran-rakyat.com. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tren Terkini: Nama Anak Indonesia Cenderung Panjang, Unik, dan Susah Dieja?". nova.grid.id. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
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  14. ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
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  16. ^ a b Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
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