Ekari language
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Ekari (also Ekagi, Kapauku, Mee) is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken by about 100,000 people in the Paniai lakes region of the Indonesian province of Central Papua, including the villages of Enarotali, Mapia and Moanemani. This makes it the second-most populous Papuan language in Indonesian New Guinea after Western Dani. Language use is vigorous. Documentation is quite limited.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Obstruent | plain | p | t | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡʟ̝ | ||
| Approximant | w | j | |||
The voiced velar affricate Script error: No such module "IPA". is pronounced with lateral release before front vowels. Doble describes both /k/ and /ɡʟ̝/ as being labialized Script error: No such module "IPA". after the back vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". (i.e., Script error: No such module "Lang". 'they', Script error: No such module "Lang". 'more'), with Script error: No such module "IPA". having 'varying' degrees of the lateral.[1] Staroverov & Tebay describe Script error: No such module "IPA". as being velar lateral Script error: No such module "IPA". before front vowels and uvular non-lateral [ɢʁ] before non-front vowels.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Script error: No such module "IPA". is a "more palatalized [ʒ]" (perhaps [ʝ] or [ʑ]) before the high front vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". (e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". 'insect').[1]
Vowels
Staroverov & Tebay (2019) describe five vowel qualities plus length and diphthongs. Doble (1987) analyses the long vowels and diphthongs as sequences.
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| high | i iː | u uː | |
| mid | ɛ ɛː | o oː | |
| low | a aː |
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mid | ɛi ɛu | ou | |
| low | ai au |
Tone
Ekari has pitch accent. One syllable in a word may have a high tone, contrasting with words without a high tone. If the vowel is long or a diphthong and not at the end of the word, the high tone is phonetically rising.
CV words have no tone contrast. CVV words may be mid/low or high. (In all of these patterns, here and following, initial C is optional.)
Words of the following shapes may have a contrastive high tone on the final syllable: CVCV, CVCVV. Words of the following shapes may have either a rising or a falling tone on the first long syllable: CVVCV, CVVCVV, CVCVVCVV, CVVCVCV (rare), CVVCVCVV (rare). The following word shapes do not have contrastive tone: CVCVCV, CVCVVCV, CVCVCVV, and words of 4 or more syllables.
References
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- ^ a b Template:Harvp
Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Doble, Marion (1962). Essays on Kapauku grammar. Nieuw Guinea Studiën. Vol. 6. pp. 152–155, 211–218, 279–298.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Doble, Marion (1987). "A description of some features of Ekari language structure". Oceanic Linguistics. 26 (1/2): 55–113. doi:10.2307/3623166. JSTOR 3623166.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Drabbe, Peter (1952). Spraakkunst van het Ekagi, Wisselmeren, Nederlands Nieuw Guinea (in Dutch). Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Steltenpool, J (1969). Ekagi-Dutch-English-Indonesian Dictionary. VKI 56. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Staroverov, Peter; Tebay, Sören E. (2019). "Posterior Affricate in Mee and Consonant-Vowel Place Interactions". Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology. 7. doi:10.3765/amp.v7i0.4481.
External links
Materials on Ekari are included in the open access Arthur Capell collections held by Paradisec:
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