Yama (Buddhism)

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File:Ten Kings of Hell, Yanluo Wang (Enra Ō) by Lu Xinzhong.jpg
14th-century Chinese Yuan dynasty portrait of King Yama. One of a series of paintings of the "Ten Kings of Hell" by Lu Xinzhong

In East Asian and Buddhist mythology, Yama[i] is the King of Hell and a dharmapala (wrathful god) said to judge the dead, presiding over the hellish realms and over the cycle of life and rebirth. He goes by other names as well, including Yanluo Wang,[ii] Yan Wang,[iii] Master Yan Wang,[iv] Lord Yan,[v] and Yanluo, Son of Heaven.[vi]

Although based on the god Yama of the Hindu Vedas, the Buddhist Yama has developed different myths and different functions from the Hindu deity. He has also spread far more widely and is known in most countries where Buddhism is practiced, including China, Nepal, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Bhutan, Mongolia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos.

In Theravāda Buddhism

File:Ang Thong (2024) Scenes of Buddhist hell at Wat Muang แดนนรก วัดม่วง - img 07.jpg
Yama (seated centre) in a judgement scene in Naraka, a depiction at Wat Muang, Thailand

In the Pali canon, the Buddha states that a person who has ill-treated their parents, ascetics, holy persons, or elders is taken upon his death to Yama.[a] Yama then asks the ignoble person if he ever considered his own ill conduct in light of birth, deterioration, sickness, worldly retribution and death. In response to Yama's questions, such an ignoble person repeatedly answers that he failed to consider the karmic consequences of his reprehensible actions and as a result is sent to a brutal hell "so long as that evil action has not exhausted its result."Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

In the Pali commentarial tradition, the scholar Buddhaghosa's commentary to the Majjhima Nikaya describes Yama as a Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), a "being in a mixed state", sometimes enjoying celestial comforts and at other times punished for the fruits of his karma. However, Buddhaghosa considered his rule as a king to be just.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Modern Theravādin countries portray Yama sending old age, disease, punishments, and other calamities among humans as warnings to behave well. At death, they are summoned before Yama, who examines their character and dispatches them to their appropriate rebirth, whether to earth or to one of the heavens or hells. Sometimes there are thought to be two or four Yamas, each presiding over a distinct Hell.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[b]

In Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese mythology

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File:The Outer Yama Dharmaraja. Central region, Tibet. Mid 17-th century. Private Collection.jpg
File:Nariaiji2559.jpg
File:King of hell from Vietnam private collection EDAV.jpg
File:Bodhisattva Jijang (Kshitigarbha) and the Ten Kings of Hell LACMA AC1994.49.1 (1 of 9).jpg
Clockwise from upper left: Yama, mid-17th century, Tibet, Statue of Yama (Enma) at Nariai-ji, Statue of one of the ten Yama (Diêm Vương) during the Lê - Nguyễn dynasties, Vietnam, Joseon dynasty painting of Bodhisattva Jijang (Kṣitigarbha) and the Ten Kings of Hell.

"Yanluo Wang" was sometimes considered to be a position in the celestial hierarchy, rather than an individual. There were said to be cases in which an honest mortal was rewarded the post of Yanluo Wang and served as the judge and ruler of the underworld.[citation needed] Some said common people like Bao Zheng, Fan Zhongyan, Zhang Binglin became the Yanluo Wang at night or after death.[1][2][better source needed]

They were strongly challenged from the Tang dynasty by a new version influenced by Daoism, which adopted Yanluo Wang to make it the fifth of a set of ten kings (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Guardian king-sorter of the ten chambers) each named at the head of a hell by the Jade Emperor. The other nine kings are: Qinguangwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Chujiangwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Songdiwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Wuguanwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Bianchengwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Taishanwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Pingdengwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".) Dushiwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".) Zhuanlunwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), typically Taoist names. They compete with Heidi, another Taoist god of the world of the dead. Yanluo Wang remains nevertheless the most famous, and by far the most present in the iconography.[3]

However, then it disappears completely from the list, giving way to a historical figure, a magistrate appointed during his lifetime as judge of the dead by a superior deity. This magistrate is most often Bao Zheng, a famous judge who lived during the Song dynasty. Sometimes he is accompanied by three assistants named "Old Age", "Illness" and "Death".[4]

Yanluo Wang is also regarded as one of the Twenty Devas (Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".) or the Twenty-Four Devas (Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".), a group of protective Dharmapalas, in Chinese Buddhism.[5]

Some of these Chinese beliefs subsequently spread to Korea, Japan and Vietnam. In Japan, he is called Enma (Script error: No such module "Lang"., prev. "Yenma"), King Enma (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".), and Great King Enma (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".). In Korea, Yan is known as Yeom-ra (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Great King Yeom-ra (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".). In Vietnam, these Buddhist deities are known as Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". and are venerated as a council of all ten kings who oversee underworld realm of âm phủ, and according to the Vietnamese concept, the ten kings of hell are all governed by Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..[6]

Variable identity

In the syncretic and non-dogmatic world of Chinese religious views, Yanluo Wang's interpretation can vary greatly from person to person. While some recognize him as a Buddhist deity, others regard him as a Taoist counterpart of Bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha. Generally seen as a stern deity, Yanluo Wang is also a righteous and fair Supreme Judge in underworld or skillful advocate of Dharma.

In Tibetan Buddhism

In Tibetan Buddhism Yama occurs in the form of Yama Dharmaraja, also known as Kalarupa,[7][8] Shinje or Shin Je Cho Gyal (Tibetan: གཤིན་རྗེ་, Gshin.rje).[7][9] He is both regarded with horror as the prime mover of the cycle of death and rebirth and revered as a guardian of spiritual practice. In the popular mandala of the Bhavachakra, all of the realms of life are depicted between the jaws or in the arms of a monstrous Shinje. Shinje is sometimes shown with a consort, Chamundi, or a sister, Yami,[10] and sometimes pursued by Yamantaka (conqueror of death).

He is often depicted with the head of a buffalo, three round eyes, sharp horns entwined with flame, fierce and angry. In his right hand he often has a stick with a skull and in his left a lasso. On his head he has a crown of skulls. In many depictions he is standing on a recumbent bull crushing a man lying on his back. He is also portrayed with an erect penis.[11]

See also

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Notes

Names in Chinese

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  1. ^ Chinese: 閻魔/閻摩; pinyin: Yánmó
  2. ^ Chinese: 閻羅王; pinyin: Yánluó Wáng
  3. ^ Chinese: 閻王; pinyin: Yánwáng
  4. ^ Chinese: 閻王爺; pinyin: Yánwángyé
  5. ^ Chinese: 閻君; pinyin: Yánjūn
  6. ^ Chinese: 閻羅天子; pinyin: Yánluó Tiānzǐ

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ See, for example, MN 130 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and AN 3.35 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found., both of which are entitled "Devaduta Sutta" (The Divine Messengers).
  2. ^ According to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. the Majjhima Nikaya Atthakatha states that "there are in fact four Yamas, one at each of four gates (of hell?)." The paranthetical expression is from the text.

References

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  1. ^ Script error: No such module "Lang".[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ Script error: No such module "Lang".
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chenivesse, Sandrine (1998). "Fengdu: cité de l'abondance, cité de la male mort". Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie (in français). 10: 287–339. doi:10.3406/asie.1998.1137.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.酆都鬼城與道教有何關係 ? [Yama is not a "lifetime system"? The history contains more than three people]. www.wikiwix.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 September 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hodous, Lewis; Soothill, William Edward (2004). A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-203-64186-8. OCLC 275253538.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tuyển tập Vũ Bằng. Văn học. 2000. p. 834.
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Samiksha (3 April 2020). "Interpreting Yama Dharmaraja Thangka". Mandalas Life. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Yama Dharmaraja (Buddhist Protector) - Outer (Himalayan Art)". www.himalayanart.org. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Buddhist Protector: Yama Dharmaraja Main Page". www.himalayanart.org. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barbara Lipton, Nima Dorjee Ragnubs (1996). Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art. Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art. p. 169. ISBN 9780195097139.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pratapaditya Pal (1983). Art of Tibet: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520051409.

Sources

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  • Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

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