Agaricus campestris
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| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Script error: No such module "Taxobox ranks".: | <div style="display:inline" class="script error: no such module "taxobox ranks".">Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics |
| Binomial name | |
| Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics L. (1753)
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| Agaricus campestris | |
|---|---|
| Mycological characteristics | |
| File:Gills icon.png | Gills on hymenium |
| File:Convex cap icon.svg | Cap is convex |
| File:Free gills icon2.svg | Hymenium is free |
| File:Bare stipe icon.svg | Stipe is bare |
| Spore print is brown | |
| File:Saprotrophic fungus.svg | Ecology is saprotrophic |
| File:Mycomorphbox Choice.png | Edibility is choice |
Agaricus campestris is a widely eaten gilled mushroom closely related to the cultivated A. bisporus (button mushroom). A. campestris is commonly known as the field mushroom or, in North America, meadow mushroom.
The cap is white and up to Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.12 centimetres (4+3⁄4 inches) across. The species is found in grassy areas around the world. It is considered a choice edible but resembles some poisonous species.
Taxonomy
This species was originally noted and named in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus as Agaricus campestris.[1] It was placed in the genus Psalliota by Lucien Quelet in 1872. Some variants have been isolated over the years, a few of which now have species status, for example, Agaricus bernardii Quel. (1878), Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach (1946), Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. (1887), Agaricus cappellianus Hlavacek (1987), and Agaricus silvicola (Vittad.) Peck (1872). Some were so similar they did not warrant even varietal status, while others have retained it. Agaricus campestris var. equestris (F.H.Moller) Pilat (1951) is still valid. A. campestris var. isabellinus (F.H.Moller) Pilat (1951), and A. campestris var. radicatus, are possibly still valid too.
The Latin specific epithet campestris means "of the fields". Common names given to the fungus include "meadow mushroom", "pink bottom",[2] and "field mushroom".
An analysis of ribosomal DNA of a limited number of members of the genus showed A. campestris to be an early offshoot in the genus and sister taxon to A. cupreobrunneus.[3]
Description
The cap is white, may have fine scales, and is Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.3 to 12 centimetres (1+1⁄4 to 4+3⁄4 inches) in diameter;[4] it is first hemispherical in shape before flattening out with maturity. The gills are initially pink, then red-brown and finally a dark brown, as is the spore print. The stipe is Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.3 to 10 cm (1+1⁄4 to 4 in) tall,[5] 1–2 cm wide,[4] predominantly white and bears a single thin ring.[6] The taste is mild. The white flesh bruises a dingy reddish brown, as opposed to yellow in the poisonous Agaricus xanthodermus and similar species. The thick-walled, dark brown, elliptical spores[4] measure 5.5–8 μm by 4–5 μm. Cheilocystidia are absent.[7]
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Similar species
Several species may be confused with A. campestris. The most dangerous confusion may be with the deadly Amanita virosa (a 'destroying angel')[8] or the deadly Amanita hygroscopica (pink-gilled destroying angel).[citation needed] Amanita species may be distinguished from Agaricus by a volva at the base, remnants of a universal veil. Such a veil may also be seen surrounding adjacent smaller button mushrooms, if present. It's recommended to look for smaller sibling buttons nearby, and slice one of them lengthwise to examine their anatomy. They may also be distinguished by a white or off-white spore print while mushrooms in the family Agaricacea are dark brown. In the United States, the poisonous Agaricus californicus[4] and A. hondensis may be similar. White Clitocybe species that also grow in grassy places may be toxic.
A less serious, but more common, confusion is with Agaricus xanthodermus[8] (the yellow stainer), which causes gastrointestinal problems in many people. A. arvensis (the horse mushroom) is very similar and is an excellent edible.
It is nearly identical (except microscopically) to the edible species Agaricus andrewii and A. solidipes.[9][10]
Habitat and distribution
A. campestris is found in fields and grassy areas[11] after rain from late summer onwards worldwide. It is often found on lawns in suburban areas, appearing in small groups, in fairy rings,[12] or solitary. Owing to the demise of horse-drawn vehicles and the subsequent decrease in the number of horses on pasture, the old "white outs" of years gone by are becoming rare events.[13] This species is rarely found in woodland.
The mushroom has been reported from Europe, Asia, north Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and North America,[11] including Mexico.[14]
Uses
Although edible and choice,[4][15] this mushroom is not commercially cultivated on account of its fast maturing and short shelf life.[16] Care is needed to distinguish it from poisonous species.[8] There have been cases (notably in France) in which the deadly Amanita virosa was consumed by individuals who mistook it for this species. Additionally, specimens collected from lawns could be contaminated by pesticides or other chemicals.[citation needed]
Culinary uses include eating it sauteed or fried, in sauces, or even sliced raw and included in salads. In flavor and texture, this mushroom is similar to the white button mushroom (A. bisporus) available in grocery stores in most Western countries.[8]
Other uses
Research into fungal dressings for the treatment of ulcers, and bed sores, using fungal mycelial filaments, is ongoing.[citation needed] In the past, slices of A. campestris were applied to scalds and burns in parts of Scotland.[17]
Bioactive properties
Water extracts of A. campestris have been shown to enhance the secretion of insulin, and to have insulin-like effects on glucose metabolism in vitro, although the mechanism is not understood.[18]
See also
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm: Lars Salvius. p. 1173.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Roody WC (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Geml J, Geiser DM, Royse DJ (2004). "Molecular evolution of Agaricus species based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences". Mycological Progress. 3 (2): 157–76. Bibcode:2004MycPr...3..157G. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0086-8. S2CID 40265528.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 224–225. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sisson, Liv; Vigus, Paula (2023). Fungi of Aotearoa: a curious forager's field guide. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-76104-787-9. OCLC 1372569849.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nilsson S, Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin, New York. ISBN 978-0-14-063006-0.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Miller HR, Miller OK Jr (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guides. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Meuninck, Jim (2017). Foraging Mushrooms Oregon: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Mushrooms. Falcon Guides. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4930-2669-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Murrill, William (1922). "Dark-Spored Agarics". Mycologia. 14. New York Botanical Garden: 203.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-908005-85-4.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fox RTV (2006). "Fungal foes in your garden: fairy ring mushrooms". Mycologist. 20 (1): 36–37. doi:10.1016/j.mycol.2005.11.013.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mabey R. (1972). Food For Free, A Guide to the Edible Wild Plants of Britain. Fontana/Collins.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Alonso-Aguilar LE, Montoya A, Kong A, Estrada-Torres A, Garibay-Orijel R (2014). "The cultural significance of wild mushrooms in San Mateo Huexoyucan, Tlaxcala, Mexico". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 10 27. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-10-27. PMC 3996006. PMID 24597704. Open access icon
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grigson J. (1975). The Mushroom Feast. London, UK: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-046273-9.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harding P. (2008). Mushroom Miscellany. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-728464-1.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gray AM, Flatt PR (1998). "Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of Agaricus campestris (mushroom)". The Journal of Endocrinology. 157 (2): 259–66. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.490.7952. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1570259. PMID 9659289.
External links
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- Agaricus campestris in the "Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota"
- Agaricus spp in "Mushroom-Collecting.com"
- Agaricus campestris in "MushroomExpert.com"
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