Emperor of the French

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Emperor of the French
Empereur des Français
Imperial
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Imperial coat of arms
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First to Reign
Napoleon I
18 May 1804 – 22 June 1815
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Details
StyleHis Imperial Majesty
First monarchNapoleon I
Last monarchNapoleon III
Formation18 May 1804
2 December 1852
ResidenceTuileries Palace, Elysée-Napoléon, Paris
PretenderTemplate:Pluralize from textJean-Christophe Napoléon

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Emperor of the French (French: Empereur des Français) was the title of the monarch of the First French Empire and the Second French Empire. The title emphasized sovereignty vested in the French people rather than in the territory of France. The powers of the emperor differed between the two empires and changed over time, ranging from extensive personal authority to a constitutional, executive role.

Details

File:The Four Napoleons.jpg
"The Four Napoleons", 1858 image depicting Napoleon I, Napoleon II, Napoleon III, and Louis-Napoléon

After rising to power by the Coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 and ending the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed Emperor on 18 May 1804 by the Senate. He crowned himself as Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804 at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, with the Crown of Napoleon.[1]

The title of "Emperor of the French" was supposed to demonstrate that Napoleon's coronation was not a restoration of the monarchy, but an introduction of a new political system: the French Empire. The title emphasized that the emperor governed over "the French people" (the nation) with their consent, did not rule over France (the state), and was an office under the French Republic similar to the previous office of First Consul. The old formula of "King of France" indicated that the king owned France as a personal possession. The new term indicated a constitutional monarchy.[2] The title was purposely created to preserve the appearance of the French Republic and to show that after the French Revolution, the feudal system was abandoned and a nation state was created, with equal citizens governed by their emperor. "Emperor" also harkened back to the Roman Republic title of Imperator, as a magistrate who exercised Imperium or command, especially over an army. This emphasized Napoleon as Chief Magistrate and Commander-in-Chief elected by the citizens.

The creation and taking of the high title "emperor" also emphasized that the will of the citizens of France was equal in sovereignty to anyone's, especially to what had been until this time the highest sovereignty in the Western world: the (Holy) Roman Emperor, who claimed continuity with the ancient Roman Emperors, and whose coronation by the Pope was used to claim authority by divine right.

It was only after 1 January 1809 that the state was officially referred to as the French Empire and not the French Republic.[3]

Napoleon I's reign lasted until 22 June 1815, when he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, exiled, and imprisoned on the island of Saint Helena, where he died on 5 May 1821. His reign was interrupted by the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 and his exile to Elba, from which he escaped less than a year later to reclaim the throne, reigning as Emperor for another 111 days before his final defeat and exile.

The second period of empire began not even 50 years later. Less than a year after the 1851 French coup d'état by Napoleon's nephew Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (which ended in the dissolution of the French National Assembly), the French Second Republic was transformed into the Second French Empire, established by a referendum on 7 November 1852. President Bonaparte, who had been elected as such by the French people, officially became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, from 2 December 1852. This date was chosen for its symbolic and historical importance: on 2 December, 48 years earlier, his uncle had been crowned as the first emperor of the first empire.

Napoleon III's rule would de facto end on 28 July 1870, when his power as head of state was transferred to his wife and regent Eugenie de Montijo; she would substantively rule, as empress regent of the French, while Napoleon III was overseas with his army. Formally, Napoleon III's time as emperor—and thus his wife's time as empress regent—ended on 4 September 1870, when he was officially deposed after his defeat and capture at the Battle of Sedan during the Franco-Prussian War. In March 1871, he was released from Prussian custody and exiled to Chislehurst, United Kingdom, where the former emperor died on 9 January 1873.

Since the death of Napoleon III's only son, Louis-Napoléon, in 1879, the House of Bonaparte has had a number of claimants to the French throne. The current claimant is Charles, Prince Napoléon, who became head of the House of Bonaparte on 3 May 1997. Charles' claim is challenged by his own son, Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon, who was named as heir in his late grandfather's testament.

Honours

Among the honours Napoleon I instituted or received were:

List of emperors

First French Empire

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Hundred Days

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Regarded as a continuation of the First French Empire despite the brief exile of the Emperor Napoleon I Script error: No such module "Succession table monarch".

Second French Empire

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See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thierry, Lentz. "The Proclamation of Empire by the Script error: No such module "Lang".". napoleon.org. Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  2. ^ Philip Dwyer, Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power (2013) p 129
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Decree upon the Term, French Republic". napoleon-series.org.
  4. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1812. Landesamt. 1812. p. 27.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.J ..... -H ..... -Fr ..... Berlien (1846). Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter. Berling. pp. 122–124.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2011). "A Evolução da Banda das Três Ordens Militares (1789–1826)" [The Evolution of the Band of the Three Military Orders (1789–1826)]. Lusíada História (in português). 2 (8): 272. ISSN 0873-1330. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  8. ^ Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 15
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toyson de Oro", Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid (in español): 41, 1806, retrieved 17 March 2020
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Per Nordenvall (1998). "Kungl. Maj:ts Orden". Kungliga Serafimerorden: 1748–1998 (in svenska). Stockholm. ISBN 91-630-6744-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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