Green bean

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Lots of green beans in a pile
A pile of raw green beans

Green beans are young, unripe fruits of various cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).[1][2] Green beans are known by several common names, including French beans,[3] string beans (although most modern varieties are "stringless"),[3]Template:R/superscript and snap beans[3]Template:R/superscript or simply "snaps".[4][5] In the Philippines, they are also known as "Baguio beans" or "Script error: No such module "Lang"." to distinguish them from yardlong beans.[6]

Immature or young pods of the runner bean (P. coccineus), yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis), and hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) are used in a similar way.[7] Green beans are distinguished from the many other bean varieties in that they are harvested and consumed with their enclosing pods before the bean seeds inside have fully matured. An analogous practice is the harvest and consumption of unripened pea pods, as is done with snow peas or sugar snap peas.

Uses

As common food in many countries, green beans are sold fresh, canned, and frozen. They can be eaten raw or steamed, boiled, stir-fried, or baked. They are commonly cooked in other dishes, such as soups, stews, and casseroles. Green beans can be pickled, similarly to cucumbers.

A dish with green beans common throughout the northern US, particularly at Thanksgiving, is green bean casserole, a dish of green beans, cream of mushroom soup, and French-fried onions.[8]

Nutrition

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Raw green beans
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy131 kJ (31 kcal)
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6.97 g
Dietary fiber2.7 g
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0.22 g
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1.83 g
Vitamins and minerals
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VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
4%
35 μg
Thiamine (B1)
7%
0.082 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
8%
0.104 mg
Niacin (B3)
5%
0.734 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
5%
0.225 mg
Vitamin B6
8%
0.141 mg
Folate (B9)
8%
33 μg
Vitamin C
14%
12.2 mg
Vitamin K
12%
14.4 μg
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MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
3%
37 mg
Iron
6%
1.03 mg
Magnesium
6%
25 mg
Manganese
9%
0.215 mg
Phosphorus
3%
38 mg
Potassium
7%
211 mg
Zinc
2%
0.24 mg
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Other constituentsQuantity
Water90 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[9] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[10]

Raw green beans are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and contain negligible fat. In a Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference amount, raw green beans supply 131 kilojoules (31 kilocalories) of food energy and are a moderate source (range 10–19% of the Daily Value) of vitamin C and vitamin K, with no other micronutrients in significant content.

Domestication

The green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) originated in Central and South America, where there is evidence that it has been cultivated in Mexico and Peru for thousands of years.[11]

Characteristics

The first "stringless" bean was bred in 1894 by Calvin Keeney, called the "father of the stringless bean," while working in Le Roy, New York.[12] Most modern green bean varieties do not have strings.[7]Template:R/superscript

Plant

Green beans are classified by growth habit into two major groups, "bush" (or "dwarf") beans and "pole" (or "climbing") beans.[13][14][15]

Bush beans are short plants, growing to not more than 2 feet (61 cm) in height, often without requiring supports. They generally reach maturity and produce all of their fruit in a relatively short period, then cease to produce. Owing to this concentrated production and ease of mechanized harvesting, bush-type beans are those most often grown on commercial farms. Bush green beans are usually cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

Pole beans have a climbing habit and produce a twisting vine, which must be supported by "poles," trellises, or other means. Pole beans may be common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus) or yardlong beans (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis).[16][17]

Half-runner beans have both bush and pole characteristics, and are sometimes classified separately from bush and pole varieties.[18][19][20][21] Their runners can be about one to three metres (3–10 feet) long.[22][irrelevant citation]

Varieties

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Varieties of climbing French beans, from left: 'The Hunter,' 'Cosse Violette,' 'Rob Roy,' 'Rob Splashed,' 'Kingston Gold'

Over 130 varieties (cultivars) of edible pod beans are known.[23] Varieties specialized for use as green beans, selected for the succulence and flavor of their green pods, are the ones usually grown in the home vegetable garden, and many varieties exist. Beans with various pod colors (green, purple, red, or streaked.[24]) are collectively known as snap beans, while green beans are exclusively green. Pod shapes range from thin and circular ("fillet" types) to wide and flat ("romano" types) and more common types in between.

The three most commonly known types of green beans belonging to the species Phaseolus vulgaris are string or snap beans, which may be round or have a flat pod; stringless or French beans, which lack a tough, fibrous string running along the length of the pod; and runner beans, which belong to a separate species, Phaseolus coccineus. Green beans may have a purple rather than green pod, which changes to green when cooked.[25][page needed] Yellow-podded green beans are also known as wax beans.[7]Template:R/superscript Wax bean cultivars are commonly of the bush or dwarf form.[26][page needed]

All of the following varieties have green pods and are Phaseolus vulgaris unless otherwise specified:

Bush (dwarf) types

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Pole (climbing) types

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Production

Green beans
2024, millions of tonnes
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World 25.9
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[32]

In 2024, world production of green beans was 26 million tonnes, with China accounting for 72% of the total, and India as the next largest producer (table).

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Green Beans". The World's Healthiest Foods. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Beans – Vegetable Directory – Watch Your Garden Grow – University of Illinois Extension". May 20, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Green, Aliza (2004). Field Guide to Produce. Quirk Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-931686-80-8.
  4. ^ Singh BK and Singh B. 2015. Breeding perspectives of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Vegetable Science 42(1): 1-17.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hatch, Peter J. (April 24, 2012). "A Rich Spot of Earth": Thomas Jefferson's Revolutionary Garden at Monticello. Yale University Press. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-0-300-17114-3.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Baguio Beans". Maribehlla. January 25, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Growing beans in Minnesota home gardens". University of Minnesota Agricultural Extension. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cook's Illustrated (2004). The New Best Recipe. America's Test Kitchen.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Template:NCBIBook.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Taylor's guide to heirloom vegetables. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1996. ISBN 0-395-70818-4.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McGee, Rose Marie Nichols; Stuckey, Maggie (2002). The Bountiful Container. Workman Publishing.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garrelts, C.; Garrelts, Megan; Lee, Bonjwing (2011). Bluestem: The Cookbook. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4494-0061-3.
  15. ^ a b c How to Grow French Beans – Royal Horticultural Society, RHS Gardening
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Capomolla, F. (2017). Growing Food the Italian Way. Pan Macmillan Australia. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-76055-490-3. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Watson, B. (1996). Taylor's Guide to Heirloom Vegetables. TAYLOR'S WEEKEND GARDENING GUIDES. Houghton Mifflin. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-395-70818-7. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Planting Directions for White Half-Runner Beans". sfgate.com. September 30, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Torpey, Jodi (January 9, 2016). Blue Ribbon Vegetable Gardening: The Secrets to Growing the Biggest and Best Prizewinning Produce. Storey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61212-395-0. Retrieved May 24, 2018 – via Google Books.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wonning, Paul R. Gardeners' Guide to Growing Green Beans in the Vegetable Garden: The Green Bean Book – Growing Bush, Pole Beans For Beginning Gardeners. Mossy Feet Books. ISBN 978-1-311-55978-4. Retrieved May 24, 2018 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gutierrez, Sandra A. (October 15, 2015). Beans and Field Peas: a Savor the South® cookbook. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-1-4696-2396-2. Retrieved May 24, 2018 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Séguret, Susi Gott (January 24, 2017). Appalachian Appetite: Recipes from the Heart of America. Hatherleigh Press. ISBN 978-1-57826-705-7. Retrieved May 24, 2018 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Facciola, Stephen (1998). Cornucopia II : a source book of edible plants. Kampong Publications. ISBN 0-9628087-2-5.
  24. ^ Singh B K, Pathak K A, Ramakrishna Y, Verma V K and Deka B C. 2011. "Purple-podded French bean with high antioxidant content." ICAR News: A Science and Technology Newsletter 17 (3): 9.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Press, L. (2002). The Bean Book: Over Seventy Incredible Recipes. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1-58574-473-2.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Phillips, R.; Rix, M. (1993). Vegetables. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-75024-6.
  27. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Bean Varieties: Best Bets and Easy-to-Grow". May 10, 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Improved Tendergreen Bush Green Bean". Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Three Heirloom Beans". April 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Seedsmen Hall of Fame". Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  31. ^ Runner beans are edible – Oregon State University Agricultural Extension
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Production of green beans in 2024, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (from pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2026. Retrieved March 1, 2026.

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