Functional urban area

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Functional Urban Area)

Template:Short description Template:DMCA Template:DMCA

File:City and related typologies – an example for Milano.png
Illustration showing the difference between the city, the functional urban area (Milan metropolitan area), and the metropolitan region of Milan
File:Illustration of the delimitation process for a functional urban area (Genova, Italy).png
Illustration of the delimitation process for the functional urban area (red outline) of Genoa (red fill) and its commuting zone (pink fill)

The functional urban area (FUA), previously known as larger urban zone (LUZ),[1] is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.[2] It consists of a city and its commuting zone,[3] which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.[4]

The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region."[5] To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban area.[6]

History

The definition was introduced under the name Larger urban zone (LUZ) in 2004 by Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.[7][8] Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries, candidate countries and EFTA countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.[9][10][11]

In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.[citation needed]

In 2011, the European Commission has developed a new definition of LUZ in cooperation with the OECD.[12] The term Larger urban zone (LUZ) was later renamed as the Functional urban area (FUA).[1]

In 2020, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Bank have also adopted the Functional urban area as their definition for delimitation of metropolitan areas.[13]

List of functional urban areas by population as of 2017

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.

This is a list of functional urban areas by population as of 2017. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.

Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content.

  Areas outside of the European Union
Rank Functional urban area Country Population Area (km2)
1 Paris Template:Flagcountry 13,998,000 12,079.87[14]
2 Istanbul Template:Flagcountry 11,154,928
3 London Template:Flagcountry 10,345,124 8,900[14]
4 Madrid Template:Flagcountry 5,804,829 8,022
5 Ruhr Area Template:Flagcountry 5,302,179 4,435
6 Berlin Template:Flagcountry 4,971,331 17,385
7 Naples Template:Flagcountry 4,475,682 564.95
8 Barcelona Template:Flagcountry 4,233,638 1,796.64
9 Athens Template:Flagcountry 4,013,368 3,806.92
10 Ankara Template:Flagcountry 3,736,359
11 Rome Template:Flagcountry 3,457,690 3,666.66
12 Hamburg Template:Flagcountry 3,134,620 7,304
12 Milan Template:Flagcountry 3,076,643 1,348.32
13 Manchester Template:Flagcountry 2,948,633 1,280
14 Katowice metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry 2,710,397 2,650.65
15 Stuttgart Template:Flagcountry 2,663,660 3,654
16 Warsaw Template:Flagcountry 2,631,710 5,201.72
17 Munich Template:Flagcountry 2,531,706 5,504
18 Frankfurt Template:Flagcountry 2,517,561 4,305
19 İzmir Template:Flagcountry 2,459,474
20 Lisbon Template:Flagcountry 2,435,837 1,432.49
21 Budapest Template:Flagcountry 2,393,846 2,538[14]
22 Leeds Template:Flagcountry 2,393,300 5,114[14]
23 Birmingham Template:Flagcountry 2,357,100 1,598
24 Vienna Template:Flagcountry 2,179,769 4,610.93[14]
25 Bucharest Template:Flagcountry 2,140,194 662
26 Prague Template:Flagcountry 1,964,750 6,977[14]
27 Cologne Template:Flagcountry 1,873,580 1,626
28 Stockholm Template:Flagcountry 1,860,872 6,519
29 Copenhagen Template:Flagcountry 1,806,667[14] 2,759[14]
30 Brussels Template:Flagcountry 1,800,663 1,613.91
31 Glasgow Template:Flagcountry 1,747,100 3,346
32 Turin Template:Flagcountry 1,745,221 1,878.97
33 Lyon Template:Flagcountry 1,717,300 5,997.68[14]
34 Belgrade Template:Flagcountry 1,683,962 3,223
35 Valencia Template:Flagcountry 1,564,145 1,440.58
36 Dublin File:Flag of Ireland.svg Republic of Ireland 1,535,446[14]
37 Düsseldorf Template:Flagcountry 1,525,029 1,201
38 Bursa Template:Flagcountry 1,474,482
39 Amsterdam Template:Flagcountry 1,443,258 859.28
40 Adana Template:Flagcountry 1,394,130
41 Liverpool Template:Flagcountry 1,365,900 821
42 Bielefeld Template:Flagcountry 1,297,876 2,921
43 Hanover Template:Flagcountry 1,294,447 2,966
44 Nuremberg Template:Flagcountry 1,288,797 2,934
45 Sheffield Template:Flagcountry 1,277,100 1,846
46 Kraków Template:Flagcountry 1,264,322 2,988.65
47 Sofia Template:Flagcountry 1,263,807[14] 3,424.2[14]
48 Seville Template:Flagcountry 1,249,346 3,081.9
49 Bremen Template:Flagcountry 1,249,291 5,885
50 Helsinki Template:Flagcountry 1,224,107 2,969.94
51 Rotterdam Template:Flagcountry 1,186,818 611.75
52 Łódź Template:Flagcountry 1,163,516 2,857.51
53 Ostrava Template:Flagcountry 1,153,876 3,889.6[14]
54 Zürich Template:Flagcountry 1,110,478 1,086.14
55 Tricity Template:Flagcountry 1,105,203 3,457.32
56 Porto Template:Flagcountry 1,099,040 562.32
57 Oslo Template:Flagcountry 1,090,513 6,920
58 Newcastle upon Tyne Template:Flagcountry 1,055,600 3,385
59 Gaziantep Template:Flagcountry 1,052,795
60 Toulouse Template:Flagcountry 1,052,497 4,706.93[14]
61 Wrocław Template:Flagcountry 1,031,439 4,582.2
62 Poznań Template:Flagcountry 1,018,511 3,719.2
63 Gothenburg Template:Flagcountry 1,015,974 3,694.86
64 Bristol Template:Flagcountry 1,006,600 1,635
65 Riga Template:Flagcountry 1,003,949 5,382.5

List of functional urban areas

This is a list of functional urban areas. The Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.[15] This data is also included.

The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.[16]

Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content.

  Areas outside of the European Union
Functional urban area Country OECD Population (2014) [15] Eurostat Population (2006)[17] Eurostat Population (2016)[18]
Amsterdam metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[a] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Antwerp Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[b] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Athens Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Barcelona metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[c] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Berlin Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Bilbao Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Birmingham (West Midlands) Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Bordeaux Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Template:NtshNo data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Bremen Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Bristol Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Brussels-Capital Region Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[b] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Bucharest metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Budapest metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Cardiff Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Copenhagen Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[d] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Dublin Metropolitan Area File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Region Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[e] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Gdańsk Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Template:NtshNo data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[f]
Greater Glasgow Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Metropolitan Gothenburg Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Template:NtshNo data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[g]
The Hague Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[a] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Hamburg Metropolitan Region Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Hanover Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Template:NtshNo data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Helsinki Metropolitan Area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Katowice metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[h] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Kraków metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
West Yorkshire (Leeds – Bradford) Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[i] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai Template:Flagcountry/
Template:Flagcountry 		Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[j] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[k] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Lisbon metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Liverpool/Birkenhead Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Łódź Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
London metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Lyon Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Madrid metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Greater Manchester Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Mannheim Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Template:NtshNo data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Marseille Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[l]
Milan metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[m] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Munich Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[n] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Naples metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[o] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Nice Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Nottingham-Derby File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg United Kingdom Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Nuremberg Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Greater Oslo Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Ostrava Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". no data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". no data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[p]
Paris metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Porto Metropolitan Area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[q] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Portsmouth-Southampton Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[r]
Prague Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[s]
Rhein-Nord[t] (Düsseldorf – Neuss) Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[u] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[v] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Rhein-Süd[t] (Cologne – Bonn) Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[w] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[v] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[x]
Riga Template:Flagcountry Template:NtshNo data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Rome metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Rotterdam Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[a] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Ruhr area Template:Flagcountry Template:NtshNo data[y] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[v] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Saarbrücken – Forbach Template:Flagcountry/
Template:Flagcountry 		Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[z] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Seville Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[aa] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Sofia Template:Flagcountry Template:NtshNo data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Metropolitan Stockholm Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[citation needed]
South Yorkshire (Sheffield) Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Thessaloniki metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Toulouse Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Template:NtshNo data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Turin metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[ab] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Newcastle-Sunderland Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[ac] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Valencia Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[ad] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Vienna Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Warsaw metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Zagreb Template:Flagcountry Template:NtshNo data Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Zürich metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".

See also

Notes

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ a b c Part of the Randstad polycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht (982,000). The total population of the region is 7,100,000.
  2. ^ a b The Flemish Diamond metropolitan region, which consists of the metropolitan areas of Brussels, Antwerp, Gent, and Leuven, has a total population of 5,103,000.
  3. ^ Total population is 4,251,000 if the metropolitan area of Mataro (169,000) is included.
  4. ^ Part of the wider Öresund region, which includes the Swedish metropolitan area of Malmö (961,000). The total regional population is 2,842,000.
  5. ^ Part of the Rhein-Main metropolitan region with a total population of 4,149,000, which additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Darmstadt (501,000), Wiesbaden (453,000), and Mainz (431,000).
  6. ^ 2014 data
  7. ^ 2017 data
  8. ^ Part of the polycentric Upper Silesian urban region with a total population of 5,294,000. The region additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Ostrava (1,046,000), Bielsko-Biała (584,000) and Rybnik (526,000).
  9. ^ Leeds and Bradford counted separately.
  10. ^ Kortrijk not included.
  11. ^ Part of the wider Lille-Bassin Minier region with a total population of 3,115,000.
  12. ^ 2014 data
  13. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 6,011,000.
  14. ^ When combined with the Augsburg metropolitan area (606,000), the region has a total population of 3,271,000.
  15. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 3,714,000.
  16. ^ 2015
  17. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 1,778,000.
  18. ^ Excludes Southampton
  19. ^ 2015
  20. ^ a b Polycentric metropolitan area
  21. ^ Excludes Neuss.
  22. ^ a b c Part of the polycentric urban region of Rhein-Ruhr, which has a total population of 12,190,000.
  23. ^ Excludes Bonn which has a population of 750,370
  24. ^ Excludes Bonn
  25. ^ Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund counted separately.
  26. ^ Saarbrücken only
  27. ^ Total population is 1,262,000 if the metropolitan area of Utrera (82,000) is included.
  28. ^ Total population is 1,716,000 if the metropolitan of Pinerolo is included.
  29. ^ Excludes Sunderland
  30. ^ Total population is 1,499,000 if the metropolitan area of Sagunto is included.

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas". Eurostat. Within the Urban Audit, (...) functional urban areas were previously referred to as 'larger urban zones'.
  2. ^ Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020 Script error: No such module "webarchive"., EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition". Eurostat.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 52. doi:10.2785/706535. ISBN 978-92-76-20306-3.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."What is the Urban Audit?". Urban Audit. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas". Eurostat. The main building blocks are data for 1 km² population grid cells. […] The typology for functional urban areas is established at the level of local administrative units (LAUs). Once all grid cells have been classified and urban centres identified, the next step concerns overlaying these results onto LAUs […]
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."City statistics – Urban audit". Eurostat. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics". Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat. March 2006. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Résumé statistique (Marseille-Aix-en-Provence)" (PDF). www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr (in français). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content. https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content. https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lewis Dijkstra, Hugo Poelman (1 March 2012). Cities in Europe - The new OECD-EC definition (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved 8 June 2024. Until recently, there was no harmonised definition of 'a city' for European and other countries member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This undermined the comparability, and thus also the credibility, of cross-country analysis of cities. To resolve this problem, the OECD and the European Commission developed a new definition of a city and its commuting zone in 2011. […] Each city is part of its own commuting zone or a polycentric commuting zone covering multiple cities. These commuting zones are significant, especially for larger cities. The cities and commuting zones together (called Larger Urban Zones) account for 60 % of the EU population.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 3. doi:10.2785/706535. ISBN 978-92-76-20306-3.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)
  15. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."OECD Populations in cities". OECD. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Urban Audit Database". Urbanaudit.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  17. ^ European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)
  18. ^ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en [bare URL]

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Functional_urban_area&oldid=2852514"