Futon

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File:Futons in a Ryokan - 2.jpg
Japanese-style Script error: No such module "lang".s laid out for sleeping in a ryokan (inn). In green, three Script error: No such module "lang".s per bed; in red, turned-back Script error: No such module "lang".s. The top two futons in each stack are covered in white fitted sheets, matching the pillowslips.

A Script error: No such module "Nihongo". is a traditional Japanese style of bedding.

A complete futon set consists of a Script error: No such module "Nihongo". and a Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[1] Both elements of a futon bedding set are pliable enough to be folded and stored away in a large Script error: No such module "Nihongo". during the day. This allows a room to serve as a bedroom at night, but serve other purposes during the day.[2]

Traditionally, futons are used on tatami, a type of mat used as a flooring material. It also provides a softer base than wooden or stone floors. Futons must be aired regularly to prevent mold from developing, and to keep the futon free of mites. Throughout Japan, futons can commonly be seen hanging over balconies, airing in the sun.[3] Futon dryers may be used by those unable to hang out their futon.

History and materials

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Before recycled cotton cloth was widely available in Japan, commoners used Script error: No such module "lang"., stitched crinkled paper stuffed with fibers from beaten dry straw, cattails, or silk waste, on Script error: No such module "lang". straw floor mats. Later, futons were made with patchwork recycled cotton, quilted together and filled with bast fiber.[4] Later they were filled with cotton. Wool and synthetics are now also used.[5]

Script error: No such module "lang". (よぎ, literally "nightclothes") are kimono-shaped bedclothes. They were used in the 1800s and early 1900s.[6] Rectangular Script error: No such module "lang".s are now widely used. Script error: No such module "lang".s vary in materials; some are warmer than others. Those with traditional cotton filling feel heavier than those with feather or synthetic fillings.[5]

Traditional Script error: No such module "lang". (まくら) are generally firmer than western pillows.[5] They may be filled with beans, buckwheat chaff,[5][7] bran,[8] or, modernly, plastic beads,[5][7] all of which mold to the head. Historically, some women used wooden headrests to protect their hairstyles.[6]

Dimensions

Futons are traditionally laid on tatami rush mats,[7] which are resilient and can absorb and re-release up to half a liter of moisture each.[9] Tatamis measure 1 by 0.5 ken, just under 1 by 2 meters,[10] the same size as a Western twin bed. A traditional Script error: No such module "lang". is also about the size of a Western twin bed. As of 2010, double-bed-sized Script error: No such module "lang".s were available, but they can be a bit heavy and awkward to stow.[5]

The Script error: No such module "lang". is usually 2–3 inches (5–8 cm) thick,[11] and rarely as much as 6 inches (15 cm) thick; they need to dry well, or they will become heavy and mouldy.[5] A Script error: No such module "lang". is thus about as thick as a Western mattress topper.[12] If more thickness is needed, Script error: No such module "lang".s are layered.[5]

Script error: No such module "lang".s may be wider than Script error: No such module "lang".s,[13] and they vary in thickness. Depending on the weather, they may be layered with a warm Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., or replaced with a lighter Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[7]

The traditional Script error: No such module "lang". is usually smaller than a western pillow.[5]

Western-style futons

In the mid-1970s, futons became fashionable in North America.[14] The construction method was similar to that of contemporary Japanese futons: cotton batting, covered in cotton ticking and held in place with hand-sewn tufting (through-thickness stitches).[14] This was also the structure that had been used in the United States' 1940-1941 Cotton Mattress Program, designed to use excess cotton production by subsidizing materials for people to make their own cotton mattresses.[15][16]

However, Western-style futons, which typically resemble low, wooden sofa beds, differ considerably from their Japanese counterparts.[1][17] They often have the dimensions of standard western mattresses, and are too thick to fold double and stow easily in a cupboard. They are often set up and stored on a slatted frame,[14] which avoids having to move them to air regularly, especially in the dry indoor air of a centrally-heated house[18] (most Japanese homes were not traditionally centrally-heated[19]).

Futon-like traditional European beds

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Traditional European beds resembled Japanese-style futon sets, with thin tick mattresses. These were only sometimes set on a bedframe. The term "bed" did not originally include the bedframe, but only the bedding, the same components included in a Japanese futon set.[20]Template:Rp

It was also traditional to air these beds, and duvets are still aired in the window in Europe. In English-speaking cultures, however, airing bedding outdoors came to be seen as a foreign practice, with 19th-century housekeeping manuals giving methods of airing beds inside, and disparaging airing them in the window as "German-style".[21]

See also

  • Bed base
  • Script error: No such module "lang". — spirit-possessed boroboro Script error: No such module "lang".
  • Daybed — bed used for other purposes during the day
  • Futon dryer — for airing futons when they can not be placed outside
  • Housing in Japan
  • Script error: No such module "lang". — unit on which houses are traditionally built
  • Mattress topper —type of thin Western mattress, similar to a futon
  • Murphy bed — bed that folds up into the wall
  • Tick mattress — futon-like European bedding
  • Script error: No such module "lang". (the type of rooms in which futons are frequently used)
  • Script error: No such module "lang". — sitting futon, a smaller cushion

References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Evans, Toshie M. (1997). A dictionary of Japanese loanwords. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313287414. OCLC 528863578.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Glaskin, Katie; Chenhall, Richard, eds. (2013). Sleep around the world : anthropological perspectives (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137315731. OCLC 854835429.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Otowa, Rebecca (2010). At home in Japan : a foreign woman's journey of discovery (1st ed.). Tokyo: Tuttle Pub. ISBN 978-1462900008. OCLC 742512720.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wada, Yoshiko (2004-01-01). Boro no Bi : Beauty in Humility—Repaired Cotton Rags of Old Japan. Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hones, Jenny Nakao (17 April 2009). "The Pros and Cons of the Japanese Futon – Asian Lifestyle Design". Asian Lifestyle Design. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Inouye, Jukichi (1910) [digitized July 2021]. "11". Home Life in Tokyo. In Japanese houses there are, as has been already stated, no rooms exclusively set apart for sleeping. The beds can be laid anywhere on the mats. The bed consists of one or two thickly-wadded mattresses of cotton or silk, usually three feet wide by about six feet long, that is, nearly the size of a mat. These are laid on the mats and over them a large, thickly-wadded cover of the shape of a winter kimono with open sleeves and a quilt, also heavily wadded, of about the same length as the bed but wider. They are both of silk or cotton, figured or striped, with linings of a dark-blue colour. They both have a black velvet band where the sleeper's face touches them. The two are used in winter; but in spring and autumn only one, usually the kimono-like cover, is thrown over the sleeper. In midsummer, even that is too hot, and is replaced by an ordinary lined kimono or a thinly-wadded quilt. The pillow for men is a long round bolster filled with bran; but women, whose coiffure would be deranged by such a pillow, lay their heads on a small bran bolster, two inches or so in diameter, which is wrapped in paper and tied on the top of a wooden support. It is very uncomfortable at first, though most women are used to it. As the bolster soon gets hard, the skin about the ear often becomes red and rough if one sleeps all night on the same side. Though the beds may be spread anywhere, their places are always fixed for the members of the family. The master and mistress sleep in the parlour or some other large room with the youngest children, the mother with the baby in her bed and the father sometimes with the next youngest in his. The rest of the children sleep either in the same room or in another and with some other member of the family, unless they are quite grown up. The sitting-room is usually left unoccupied. The servants sleep in a room next to the kitchen and the house-boy in the porch. It is important to group the sleepers as much as possible; for in summer when mosquitoes are out, nets are hung over the beds by strings attached to the four corners of the room, and to economise these nets the beds are brought together wherever practicable.
  7. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Futons- Overview and Brief History of styles". Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  8. ^ File:THE FAMILY IN BED. (1910) - illustration - page 137.png
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Traditional Japanese Houses". nippon.com. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  10. ^ See Tatami#Size for details
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Shikibutons Explained: Health Benefits, How to Choose, and Everything You Need to Know". 12 November 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mattress Topper Types - Materials, Thickness, Density". Mattress Nut. 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."FAQs – Futons From Japan". 29 November 2019.
  14. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Littman, Karel Joyce (27 September 1984). "FUTON MATTRESSES: WHAT AND WHERE". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dean, Virgil W.; Powers, Ramon (2014). ""In No Way a Relief Set Up": The County Cotton Mattress Program in Kansas, 1940–1941" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Make a Mattress With Free Cotton". Wallace's Farmer. Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. 28 December 1940.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cole, David John; Browning, Eve; Schroeder, Fred E. H. (2002). Encyclopedia of modern everyday inventions. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313313458. OCLC 49627783.
  18. ^ See Airing (air circulation)
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nute, Kevin (2004). Place, time, and being in Japanese architecture. London: Routledge. ISBN 0419240101. OCLC 53006895.
  20. ^ Dictionnaire de l'ameublement et de la décoration depuis le XIIIe siècle jusqu'à nos jours, Havard, Henry, 1838-1921
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Featherbeds, duvets, eiderdowns, feather ticks - history". www.oldandinteresting.com. 2006.

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