Grain
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A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis)–with or without an attached hull layer–harvested for human or animal consumption.[1] A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes.
After being harvested, dry grains are more durable than other staple foods, such as starchy fruits (plantains, breadfruit, etc.) and tubers (sweet potatoes, cassava, and more).This durability has made grains well suited to industrial agriculture, since they can be mechanically harvested, transported by rail or ship, stored for long periods in silos, and milled for flour or pressed for oil. The grain market is a major global agricultural market that includes crops such as maize, rice, soybeans, wheat, and other grains.
Cereal and non-cereal grains
In the grass family, a grain (narrowly defined) is a caryopsis, a fruit with its wall fused on to the single seed inside, belonging to a cereal such as wheat, maize, or rice.[2] More broadly, in agronomy and commerce, seeds or fruits from other plant families are called grains if they resemble cereal caryopses. For example, amaranth is sold as "grain amaranth", and amaranth products may be described as "whole grains". The pre-Columbian civilizations of the Andes had grain-based food systems, but at higher elevations none of the grains belonged the cereal family. All three grains native to the Andes (kaniwa, kiwicha, and quinoa) are broad-leaved plants rather than grasses.[3]
Cereal grains
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Many different species of cereal are cultivated for their grains.[4]
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A wheat kernel, its composition and the nutritional values of its parts.
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Cereal grain seeds clockwise from top-left: wheat, spelt, oat, barley
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Barley
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Rye
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Rice grains
Warm-season cereals
Cool-season cereals
Pseudocereal grains
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Starchy grains from broadleaf (dicot) plant families are cultivated as nutritious alternatives to cereals. The three major pseudocereal grains are:[5]
- amaranth (Amaranth family) also called kiwicha
- buckwheat (Smartweed family)
- quinoa (Amaranth family, formerly classified as Goosefoot family)
Pulses or grain legumes
Pulses (the dried seeds of legumes, members of the pea family), have a higher protein content than most other plant foods, at around 20%, while soybeans have as much as 35%. As is the case with all other whole plant foods, pulses also contain carbohydrates and fat. Common pulses include:
- chickpeas
- common beans
- common peas (garden peas)
- fava beans
- lentils
- lima beans
- lupins
- mung beans
- peanuts
- pigeon peas
- runner beans
- soybeans
Oilseed grains
Oilseed grains are grown primarily for the extraction of their edible oil. Vegetable oils provide dietary energy and some essential fatty acids.[6] They are also used as fuel and lubricants.[7]
Mustard family
- black mustard
- India mustard
- rapeseed (including canola)
Aster family
Other families
Historical importance
Because grains are small, hard and dry, they can be stored, measured, and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits, roots and tubers.[8][page needed] The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to the creation of the first temporary settlements and the division of society into classes.[9]
This assumption that grain agriculture led to early settlements and social stratification has been challenged by James C. Scott in his book Against the Grain. He argues that the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agrarian communities was not a voluntary choice driven by the benefits of increased food production due to the long storage potential of grains, but rather that the shift towards settlements was a coerced transformation imposed by dominant members of a society seeking to expand control over labor and resources.[10][page needed]
Trade
Occupational safety and health
Those who handle grain at grain facilities may encounter numerous occupational hazards and exposures. Risks include grain entrapment, where workers are submerged in the grain and unable to extricate themselves and dust explosions caused by fine particles of grain dust.[11][12]
See also
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Babcock, P. G., ed. (1976). "grain". Webster's Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: C. & G. Merriam Co.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simpson, Michael G. (2019-11-10). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-12-812629-5.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Office of International Affairs, National Academies of the. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press. 1989. p. 124. doi:10.17226/1398. ISBN 978-0-309-04264-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McKevith, Brigid (2004). "Nutritional aspects of cereals". Nutrition Bulletin. 29 (2): 111–142. doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2004.00418.x.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thakur, Priyanka; Kumar, Krishan (2019). "Nutritional importance and processing aspects of pseudo-cereals" (PDF). Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology. 6 (2): 155–160. ISSN 2350-0263.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shim, Youn Young; et al. (2017). "Food and fuel from Canadian oilseed grains: Biorefinery production may optimize both resources". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 119 (9) 1600358. article 1600358. doi:10.1002/ejlt.201600358.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Salunkhe, D. K. (1992-02-29). World Oilseeds. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 536. ISBN 978-0442001124.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Research Council (U.S.). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. 1989. p. 24. ISBN 0-309-04264-X. LCCN 89-42566.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wessel, T. (1984). "The Agricultural Foundations of Civilization: Bringing Agriculture Into The Social Sciences". Journal of Agriculture and Human Values. 1 (2): 9–12. doi:10.1007/BF01530609.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scott, James C. (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300240214.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Frequently Asked Questions About Flowing Grain Entrapment, Grain Rescue and Strategies, and Grain Entrapment Prevention Measures" (PDF). Agricultural Safety and Health Program, Purdue University. April 2011. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Occupational Safety and Health Administration. "Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions". Safety and Health Information Bulletin. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
External links
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