Hellenic languages

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Hellenic
Greek
Geographic
distribution		Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Anatolia and the Black Sea region
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Proto-languageProto-Greek
Subdivisions
Language codes
ISO 639-5grk
Linguasphere56= (phylozone)
Glottologgree1276
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project

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Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek.[2] In most classifications, Hellenic consists of Greek alone,[3][4] but some linguists use Hellenic to refer to a group consisting of Greek proper and other varieties thought to be related but different enough to be separate languages, either among ancient neighboring languages[5] or among modern varieties of Greek.[6]

File:Hellenistic Greek-MAP.jpg
Greek-speaking areas during the Hellenistic period (323 to 31 BC) Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content.
  Areas where Greek speakers probably were a majority
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  Areas that were significantly Hellenized

Greek and ancient Macedonian

While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient Macedonia were written in Attic Greek (and later in Koine Greek),[7][8] fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from onomastic evidence, ancient glossaries and recent epigraphic discoveries in the Greek region of Macedonia, such as the Pella curse tablet.[9][10][11] This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of Northwest Doric Greek,[note 1] and occasionally as an Aeolic Greek dialect[note 2] or a distinct sister language of Greek;[note 3] due to the latter classification, a family under the name Hellenic[5] (also called Greek-Macedonian[21][23] or Helleno-Macedonian[22]) has been suggested to group together Greek proper and the ancient Macedonian language.[5] Nonetheless, there has been some recent scholarly agreement, often expressed as cautious or tentative, that ancient Macedonian is a dialect of the Northwest Greek group.[24]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[25]

Modern Hellenic languages

In addition, some linguists use Hellenic to refer to modern Greek in a narrow sense together with certain other, divergent modern varieties deemed separate languages on the basis of a lack of mutual intelligibility.[26] Separate language status is most often posited for Tsakonian,[26] which is thought to be uniquely a descendant of Doric rather than Attic Greek, followed by Pontic and Cappadocian Greek of Anatolia.[27] The Griko or Italiot varieties of southern Italy are also not readily intelligible to speakers of standard Greek.[28] Separate status is sometimes also argued for Cypriot, though this is not as easily justified.[29] In contrast, Yevanic (Jewish Greek) is mutually intelligible with standard Greek but is sometimes considered a separate language for ethnic and cultural reasons.[29] Greek linguistics traditionally treats all of these as dialects of a single language.[3][30][31]

Classification

Hellenic constitutes a branch of the Indo-European language family. Phrygian's classification as a centum language, and the high frequency of phonetic, morphological, and lexical isoglosses shared with Greek, have led to a current consensus which regards Greek as the closest relative of Phrygian.[32][33][34] Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian[35] (see also Graeco-Armenian) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan).[36][37]

Language tree

The following tree is based on the work of Lucien van Beek:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

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  • (?) Graeco-Phrygian
    • Hellenic
      • South Greek
      • North Greek
        • AeolicLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
          • Boeotian (it also has West Greek features; precursor was possibly a bridge dialect between Aeolic and West Greek)
          • Lesbian (it also has at least one archaic South Greek innovation; precursor was possibly a bridge dialect between Aeolic and South Greek)
          • Thessalian
        • West Greek
        • (?) Ancient Macedonian (either an ancient Greek dialect – possibly Northwest GreekLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. – or a separate Hellenic language)
    • Phrygian

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),[12] and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson (1996),[13] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),[14] Johannes Engels (2010),[15] J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),[16] Joachim Matzinger (2016),[17] Emilio Crespo (2017),[10] Claude Brixhe (2018)[18] and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).[12]
  2. ^ Suggested by August Fick (1874),[13] Otto Hoffmann (1906),[13] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)[19] and Ian Worthington (2012).[20]
  3. ^ Suggested by Georgiev (1966),[21] Joseph (2001)[5] and Hamp (2013).[22]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Graeco-Phrygian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ^ In other contexts, Hellenic and Greek are generally synonyms.
  3. ^ a b Browning (1983), Medieval and Modern Greek, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^ Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987): Modern Greek. London: Routledge, p. 1.
  5. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Joseph, Brian D. (2001). "Ancient Greek". In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl; Bodomo, Adams B.; Faber, Alice; French, Robert (eds.). Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. H. W. Wilson Company. p. 256. ISBN 9780824209704. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  6. ^ David Dalby. The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities (1999/2000, Linguasphere Press). pp. 449–450.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7. Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (2000). The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI. Cambridge University Press. p. 730. ISBN 978-0-521-23348-4.
  9. ^ Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia". The Greek World, 479–323 BC (Third ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0-415-16326-9.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). "The speech of the ancient Macedonians". Ancient Macedonia. De Gruyter. pp. 64, 77. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.
  13. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Masson, Olivier (2003). "[Ancient] Macedonian language". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (revised 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 905–906. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3.
  14. ^ Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
  15. ^ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.). Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. p. 145. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Matzinger, Joachim (2016). Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen (PDF) (Speech) (in Deutsch). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brixhe, Claude (2018). "Macedonian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. pp. 1862–1867. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammond, N.G.L (1997). Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics. A.M. Hakkert. p. 79.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Worthington, Ian (2012). Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-64003-2.
  21. ^ a b Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285–297 (July 1966)
  22. ^ a b Eric P. Hamp & Douglas Q. Adams (2013), "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ancient Macedonian". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Giannakis, Georgios (2017). "From Central Greece to the Black Sea: Introductory Remarks". In Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects. Emilio Crespo, Panagiotis Filos. De Gruyter. p. 18. doi:10.1515/9783110532135. ISBN 978-3-11-053213-5. Recent scholarship has established the position of (ancient) Macedonian within the dialect map of North-West Greek (see, among others, Méndez Dosuna 2012, 2014, 2015; Crespo 2012, 2015). Here belongs the study by M. Hatzopoulos, who offers a critical review of recent research on the Macedonian dialect, arguing that all available evidence points to the conclusion that this is a Greek dialect of the North-West group.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crespo, Emilio (2023). "Dialects in Contact in the Ancient Kingdom of Macedon". In Cassio, Albio Cesare; Kaczko, Sara (eds.). Alloglōssoi: Multilingualism and Minority Languages in Ancient Europe. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-077968-4.
  26. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 211–284.
  27. ^ Ethnologue: Family tree for Greek.
  28. ^ N. Nicholas (1999), The Story of Pu: The Grammaticalisation in Space and Time of a Modern Greek Complementiser. PhD Dissertation, University of Melbourne. p. 482f. (PDF)
  29. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Joseph, Brian; Tserdanelis, Georgios (2003). "Modern Greek". In Roelcke, Thorsten (ed.). Variationstypologie: Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 836.
  30. ^ G. Horrocks (1997), Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers. London: Longman.
  31. ^ P. Trudgill (2002), Ausbau Sociolinguistics and Identity in Greece, in: P. Trudgill, Sociolinguistic Variation and Change, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brixhe, Claude (2008). "Phrygian". In Woodard, Roger D (ed.). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–80. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. "Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek." (p. 72).
  33. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  34. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  35. ^ James Clackson. Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 11–12.
  36. ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 181.
  37. ^ Henry M. Hoenigswald, "Greek," The Indo-European Languages, ed. Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat (Routledge, 1998 pp. 228–260), p. 228.
    BBC: Languages across Europe: Greek

References

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