Hexamethylphosphoramide

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Hexamethylphosphoramide
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Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Hexamethylphosphoric triamide[3]
Other names
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  • Hexamethylphosphoramide
  • Hexametapol
  • HMPA
  • Phosphoric tris(dimethylamide)[1]
  • HMPT[2]
Identifiers
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3D model (JSmol)
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1099903
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EC Number Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
3259
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UN number 2810 3082
  • InChI=1S/C6H18N3OP/c1-7(2)11(10,8(3)4)9(5)6/h1-6H3 checkY
    Key: GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C6H18N3OP/c1-7(2)11(10,8(3)4)9(5)6/h1-6H3
    Key: GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYAP
  • O=P(N(C)C)(N(C)C)N(C)C
Properties
C6H18N3OP
Molar mass 179.20 g/mol
Appearance colorless liquid[4]
Odor aromatic, mild, amine-like[4]
Density 1.03 g/cm3
Melting point 7.20 °C (44.96 °F; 280.35 K)
Boiling point 232.5 °C (450.5 °F; 505.6 K) CRC[5]
miscible[4]
Vapor pressure Template:Cvt at 20 °C[4]
Hazards
Flash point 104.4 °C (219.9 °F; 377.5 K)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 none[4]
REL (Recommended)
 Ca[4]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 Ca [N.D.][4]
Safety data sheet (SDS) Oxford MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Template:Chembox Footer/trackingTemplate:Short description

Hexamethylphosphoramide, often abbreviated HMPA, is a phosphoramide (an amide of phosphoric acid) with the formula [(CH3)2N]3PO. This colorless liquid is used as a solvent in organic synthesis.

Structure and reactivity

HMPA is the oxide of tris(dimethylamino)phosphine, P(NMe2)3. Like other phosphine oxides (such as triphenylphosphine oxide), the molecule has a tetrahedral core and a P=O bond that is highly polarized, with significant negative charge residing on the oxygen atom.

Compounds containing a nitrogen–phosphorus bond typically are degraded by hydrochloric acid to form a protonated amine and phosphate.

It dissolves alkali metal salts[6] and alkali metals, forming blue solutions which are stable for a few hours. Solvated electrons are present in these blue solutions.[7]

Applications

HMPA is a specialty solvent for polymers, gases, and organometallic compounds. It improves the selectivity of lithiation reactions by breaking up the oligomers of lithium bases such as butyllithium. Because HMPA selectively solvates cations, it accelerates otherwise slow SN2 reactions by generating more bare anions. The basic nitrogen centers in HMPA coordinate strongly to Li+.[8]

HMPA is a ligand in the useful reagents based on molybdenum peroxide complexes, for example, MoO(O2)2(HMPA)(H2O) is used as an oxidant in organic synthesis.[9]

Alternative reagents

Dimethyl sulfoxide can often be used in place of HMPA as a cosolvent. Both are strong hydrogen bond acceptors, and their oxygen atoms bind metal cations. Other alternatives to HMPA include the N,N′-tetraalkylureas DMPU (dimethylpropyleneurea)[10][11] or DMI (1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone).[12] Tripyrrolidinophosphoric acid triamide (TPPA) has been reported to be a good substitute reagent for HMPA in reductions with samarium diiodide[13] and as a Lewis base additive to many reactions involving samarium ketyls.[14]

Toxicity

HMPA is only mildly toxic but has been shown to cause cancer in rats.[8] HMPA can be degraded by the action of hydrochloric acid.

References

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  1. ^ Not recommended: see Blue Book reference.
  2. ^ This name is also used to refer to tris(dimethylamino)phosphine
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Front Matter". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. pp. P001–P004. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0321". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Haynes, William M. (2010). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (91 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press. p. 3-280. ISBN 978-1-43982077-3.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Luehrs, Dean C.; Kohut, John P. (1974). "Hexamethylphosphoramide solvates of alkali metal salts". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 36 (7): 1459–1460. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(74)80605-6.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gremmo, Norberto; Randles, John E. B. (1974). "Solvated electrons in hexamethylphosphoramide. Part 1.—Conductivity of solutions of alkali metals". Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases. 70: 1480–1487. doi:10.1039/F19747001480.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dykstra, R. R. (2001). "Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide". Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rh020. ISBN 978-0471936237.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dickman, Michael H.; Pope, Michael T. (1994). "Peroxo and Superoxo Complexes of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten". Chemical Reviews. 94 (3): 569–584. doi:10.1021/cr00027a002.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mukhopadhyay, T.; Seebach, D. (1982). "Substitution of HMPT by the Cyclic Urea DMPU as a Cosolvent for highly Reactive Nucleophiles and Bases". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 65 (1): 385–391. doi:10.1002/hlca.19820650141.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Beck, A. K.; Seebach, D. (2001). "N,N′-Dimethylpropyleneurea". N,N′-Dimethylpropyleneurea. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New York: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rd366. ISBN 978-0471936237.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lo, Chi-Chu; Chao, Pei-Min (1990). "Replacement of carcinogenic solvent HMPA by DMI in insect sex pheromone synthesis". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 16 (12): 3245–3253. doi:10.1007/BF00982095. PMID 24263426. S2CID 9859086.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McDonald, Chriss E.; Ramsey, Jeremy D.; Sampsell, David G.; Butler, Julie A.; Cecchini, Michael R. (2010). "Tripyrrolidinophosphoric Acid Triamide as an Activator in Samarium Diiodide Reductions". Organic Letters. 12 (22): 5178–5181. doi:10.1021/ol102040s. PMID 20979412.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Berndt, Mathias; Hölemann, Alexandra; Niermann, André; Bentz, Christoph; Zimmer, Reinhold; Reissig, Hans-Ulrich (2012). "Replacement of HMPA in Samarium Diiodide Promoted Cyclizations and Reactions of Organolithium Compounds". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2012 (7): 1299–1302. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201101830. ISSN 1099-0690. Tripyrrolidinophosphoric acid triamide (TPPA) can replace carcinogenic HMPA as a Lewis basic additive in many reactions involving samarium ketyls. In most cases, yields and selectivities of cyclizations of (het)aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl ketones are similar.

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